Maritime security requirements Essay

Maritime security refers to the security offered to the shipping industry in a country. It refers to the measures taken by the government to ensure that the port, the employers, the employees as well as the equipments in the ports are well guarded from threats which face them. The ports face risks which may arise due to unlawful acts done on them or even on the persons stationed in them. Strategic planning to cub any uncertainty is thus essential for the well being of a nation and its citizens. The security of a country like the United States is dependent on the security of the world’s oceans. There are different forms of threats which face the maritime security. To attain maritime security, it is thus vital to combine the efforts of both the public and private sectors globally. Maritime security may also be used to refer to the comprehensive security for the international shipping which started functioning on July 2004. It forms part of the IMO’s activities. This is a security practice code which is exercised in ports which is meant to compliment the international ships and the port equipments security. The IMO/ILO code was implemented to offer security for the whole port area and was approved in March 2004. IMO is an acronym for international maritime organization while ILO refers to the international labor organization. IMO code of practice is not binding and should not replace the laws and regulations of a country. It does not affect the fundamental rights and principles of the workers as provided by the ILO document or the workers access to the ports or terminals and even the vessels. The IMO is thus used to provide guidance to member countries on how to deal with matters relating to security in the ports. It also helps in identifying a government’s roles and responsibilities as well as for those of the employers and their employees (Pugh, 1994). The main objective of the formation of the code of practice relating to security on the ports was to enable all the stakeholders including the government minimize the risks which may be incurred by the port due to unlawful acts in the port. It was also intended to provide a common basis of approach to security on ports amongst affiliated states. This code also sought to extend the area covered by port security to include the whole port. Threats and measures used to combat maritime security Maritime insecurity has been on the rise for the past few years with terrorists using this domain to attack most countries. This has called for strict measures to ensure such attacks are reduced or eliminated. For maritime security to be attained, a number of plans have to be put in place to address the different forms of maritime security. These plans form the basic requirements for successful attaining of maritime security. One of the plans which are vital is a national plan to create and achieve Maritime’s domain awareness. After creating a national awareness, a global integration of intelligence is important and hence its plan. A single country may not be in a position to fight and lead to maritime security thus the need to cooperate with other countries. Other plans are the maritime infrastructure plan and the maritime security plans. The security plans includes the transportation plan, the commerce plan and the facilities plan. Before the formulation of these plans, the country needs to understand the threats which maritime environment faces (Hawkes, 1989). For a country to formulate the measures it has to take to attain maritime security, it needs to evaluate the threats the oceans are exposed to which in turn affect the countries stability. Different countries have adopted different measures to ensure that their ports are safe. The most common threats that face the oceans include the threat to the maritime security itself. Today’s maritime environment is marked by complexity and ambiguity thus making it difficult to maintain and protect it. This is more pronounced in the maritime environment. This is enhanced by the operations carried out at the sea which exposes the countries to acts of terrorism. These kinds of attack are more dangerous and pure military actions may not be effective in fighting them. They thus require other measures and the countries exposed to such threats must device ways to combat them. Advancement in telecommunications and the expansion of the international and commercial logistics have led to an increase in the range and also the effects which arise due to the terrorist attacks. They have made it possible to enter even the borders considered to be most secure with great speed and for greater distances. Terrorists take advantage of such capabilities and cause great damage globally and also in the political and economic environment (Higgie, 2005). Maritime domain could also be used to export illegal goods to other countries thus posing a threat to the other country. Strict measures are thus required to cub this and to ensure that all transported goods are of high standards and are not harmful to the citizens in a country. Terrorism acts are rampant in the maritime domain. Fighting these threats is becoming more difficult since different terrorist groups from different countries have joined together due to the improved telecommunications. They also operate under the shadows thus making it hard to fight them. Cooperation amongst the member states is required to maintain maritime security. The increasing international trade through the maritime domain has also led to increased maritime related criminal activities. Such activities include smuggling of drugs and weapons to or out of a country. People smuggling has also been on the rise in the maritime domain especially in areas characterized by heavy commercial seas activities. In countries with unstable political environment, this is more rampant. Illegal immigration through the sea has been rampant in the recent past thus posing a major threat to maritime security and also to the economic and political stability of a country (Pugh, 1994). The main objective for the countries faced by these maritime threats is to eliminate or reduce the activities which pose these threats. One of the major steps towards preventing the terrorist attacks and other criminal and unlawful acts is through monitoring and controlling or patrolling the maritime borders. High seas areas which are of national interest should be safeguarded. Detecting and stopping criminal activities before they are committed is the main aim of the countries exposed to maritime threats. To be effective in detecting the threats to maritime security, the country has to be aware of the threat and have detective capabilities. Such knowledge helps in deterring and also defeating adversaries early enough before much damage have been caused (Higgie, 2005). Another objective of a country in cubing maritime insecurity is by protecting the critical maritime infrastructure and also the related population centers. All the main and important infrastructures both physical and network operations should be guarded by military facilities for security purposes. Population should also be controlled so as to make it difficult for people to collect information which could be used in committing criminal maritime acts. Overcrowding in the ports makes it easier for illegal immigration and smuggling of goods and people. The responsibility of protecting these infrastructures should be taken up by both the private and public sectors. A country should also work towards minimizing the damages which may arise in the maritime domain. Safeguarding the maritime domain and their resources from exploitation is another aim of a country (Pugh, 1994). For a country to attain maritime security, there are a number of things or requirement that it has to meet. There are no international standards which have been set to control, regulate or maintain maritime security and thus a country has to set its own standards and work towards maintaining maritime securities. However, as mentioned earlier the international maritime organization has set guidelines which a country may apply in dealing with maritime related issues. Attaining maritime security is a continuous activity especially with the emergence of different activities which are posing threats to maritime security. International cooperation and coordination is vital in achieving maritime security. Information sharing and also intelligence assistance are also vital in effective elimination of maritime insecurity. Public and private sectors should also work in cooperation to attain and secure maritime security (Hawkes, 1989). The minimum requirement is the acquiring of an identification card of maritime security. This card shows that the holder has been checked from his background and thus can work in the port unescorted. This card covers the seafarers and the persons working or who supply oil and gas facilities offshore. This card mainly operates in the Australian waters. For one to qualify to be given unmonitored access to the maritime security zone, one should not have an adverse criminal record and should be a citizen. If he is not a citizen, he must have a right to work in the country. Automatic identification systems are also a requirement in maritime security. These systems are supposed to be installed on commercial vessels which are on international voyage. This may include vessels used in fishing and even passenger vessels which are over 65’ in length (Office of the Press Secretary, 2003). Prescreening cargo before lading is also another requirement for attaining maritime security. All international cargos should be examined before they are allowed into a country to ascertain their safety and to eliminate possibilities of threats. Procedures to enforce action against a cargo suspected to be carrying illegal commodities or terrorists into or out of a country should be formulated. These procedures should be implemented and enforced to reduce the possibility of a repeat of the same action. Seizing cargo procedures should also be implemented and streamlined for easier confiscation of the goods or persons (Bahar, 2007). One of the vital requirements in achieving maritime security is by enhancing international cooperation amongst the member states. The oceans cover more than two thirds of the earth’s surface. As such, no single country can achieve maritime security on its own. Cooperation with other countries is thus a vital tool in achieving maritime security. Countries which are interested in attaining maritime security and are willing to fight terrorism and other maritime crime come together to device ways to combat these crimes. These countries should seek to understand the threats and prioritize them according to there urgency. Unified actions and plans are then implemented to reduce maritime insecurity (Hawkes, 1989). To enhance this cooperation, the nations should endeavor to standardize international security to ensure that all the goods and people going to a country through the maritime domain are not a threat to the citizens that country. The use of automated systems should be implemented to register maritime vessels, their ownership and also their operations. The crew operating them should also be registered as well as the cargo being transported to enhance transparency. The member states should also develop a mutual fund ensure effective and efficient implementation of measures to interdict criminals before the damages are done. The means of rapid exchanges amongst the government and intelligence agencies should also be enforced by the law and suspected criminals should be persecuted. Streamlined procedures should also be adopted to verify vessels nationality so as to take appropriate enforcement measures on time (Bahar, 2007). Another requirement for maritime security is the foreign vessel security plans. This requirement has a provision that members of SOLAS are not required to produce their security plans to coast guards for their vessels to be approved. However, those who are not affiliated to this group of SOLAS have to produce their security plans before being allowed to enter into a country. Their security plan should also comply with the measures which are stipulated in the trade agreement. SOLAS is an acronym for safety of life at seas. A vessel not complying with these requirements is denied entrance to a country. This is in operation in the united stated (Office of the Press Secretary, 2003). Vessel security plans is also another requirement for ensuring maritime security. All vessels are required to have security plans before being allowed to move in the American waters. This requirement however exempts vessels which carry less than one hundred and fifty passengers without considering the number of overnight passengers in the vessel. Other vessels exempted in this provision are the drilling units which are non self propelling and are operated offshore. Industrial vessels like the dredges are also exempted from the security plans provision for vessels. Facilities are supposed to come up with their individual plans for security. Exempted in this requirement are facilities which only service the passenger vessels but whose vessels do not carry passengers. Others are the public access facilities which are purely used for recreation and retail purposes by the public. Vessels which the public uses for entertainment and tourist purposes are also exempted. The owners and the operators of these exempted facilities are held responsible and are supposed to implement necessary security measures. These measures are supposed to comply with the area security plan (Office of the Press Secretary, 2003). These requirements are made possible and viable by offering assistance and training to the maritime security operators. Economic assistance is also vital in ensuring that maritime security among the nations is attained. Another way that the governments have done to ensure maritime security is maintained is by expanding the international port and maritime security officer programs. This ensures that the diverse threats posed by unlawful acts are minimized and awareness is created. The number of agency attaches has also been increased (Pugh, 1994). Deploying layered security is also another requirement for ensuring that maritime security is achieved and maintained. A system of layered security ensures that the capabilities of the member governments and those of commercial interests are integrated globally. Both the public and the private sectors can help in controlling terrorism activities if they could act in concert. These two sectors may use diverse though complementary measures to eliminate the criminal acts instead of relying on the government alone. A layered approach is not a static approach but keeps on being improved. These changes serve to create uncertainty thus reducing the possibility of terrorist attacks. This approach is mainly used in the most vulnerable areas like the marine transportation sector, passenger and cargo ferrying, staff and also in conveyances. It is also effective in ports and also the route of transportation (Bahar, 2007). Maximizing domain awareness is a vital tool in eliminating threats and maintaining peace and security in the maritime environment. Understanding the trends and all the events in a domain helps to predict likely events and also the possible threats facing a certain domain. Prior knowledge of the threats is important for securing the security of a maritime domain and also helps in reducing detrimental events. In trying to gain knowledge of the possible threats, the government and all the stakeholders should aim at trying to understand who their enemies are and their capabilities and also their goals. Factors influencing their behavior and also their organizational structure should be analyzed. A vital area is learning the adversary’s weak points and also the centers of their gravity. This knowledge is used in planning the course of action and also in deciding and prioritizing the allocation of resources. Awareness of maritime domain thus helps in earlier identification of threats and thus prompts appropriate actions to be taken to prevent such attacks (Higgie, 2005). Conclusion Maritime security as discussed above is not only vital to the seas environment but also affects the whole country and the world in general. No single country is immune to maritime threats and as such, all the countries should work together to attain maritime security. Creating awareness may be costly but should be advocated for to ensure that terrorist attacks and other criminal and hostile acts are recognized and deterred. Stern measures should be undertaken by the international body concerned with maritime security on countries that collude or allow terrorist to operate from their waters. Those convicted of violating maritime security should be persecuted and heavy punishment imposed so as to deter others from engaging in similar acts. However, while dealing with matters relating to maritime security, extra care should be taken. Damages caused by criminal acts via maritime domain may be devastating thus caution should be exercised. The countries should also strive at protecting the maritime domain from exploitation so as to preserve the ecosystem of the country as well as that of the aquatic life. Reference: Bahar M. (2007): Attaining Optimal Deterrence at Sea: A Legal and Strategic Theory for Naval Anti-Piracy Operations Journal article of Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 40 Hawkes K. G. (1989): Maritime Security. ISBN 087033395X. Published by Cornell Maritime Press Higgie D. (2005): Combating Terrorism: Dell Higgie Surveys the International Counter-Terrorism Scene. Journal article of New Zealand International Review, Vol. 30 Office of the Press Secretary. (2003): Fact Sheet: Maritime Security Requirements. Retrieved on 10th December 2008 from, http://www. dhs. gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0282. shtm. Pugh M. C. (1994): Maritime Security and Peacekeeping: A Framework for United Nations Operations. ISBN 0719045630. Published by Manchester University Press

Answers to math 230

1. The slope of a function at the point of its local or global maxima is zero. Explain why using an example. The slope of a function is zero at the point of its local or global maxima because of the fact that it is the point where the function is horizontal, thus the slope is really zero. For example, given a function f(x) =-x^2. The first derivative of f is -2x and equating it to zero will yield to solution x=0 which is our candidate for maximum or minimum point. Furthermore, we apply the second derivative test. The second derivative is -2 thus 0 is a local maximum. Accidentally 0 is the only local maximum thus 0 is also the global maximum of the function. At x=0, f(x) =0, which has slope of 0. 2. Show how the derivative of the function f(x) = (2x^4) (3x+2)2 can be obtained with out using the product rule. We can differentiate the given function 2x^4 (3x+2)2 without using the product rule by just simply distributing (2x^4) to the term (3x+2) giving you 6x^5+ 4x^4. Afterwards, multiply it with the constant 2, thus you have 12x^5+8x^5. Now you can solve the derivative using the simple idea of getting the derivative of function.   Hence you have (12)(5)(x^5-1)+(8)(5)(x^4-1) yielding you to 60x^4+40x^3 which is the derivative of the function f. 3. Provide a discussion showing that the limit of the function, f(x) =2x^4 / (x-2) does not exist at x=2. It is possible that the limit of a given function doest not exist at a particular point. In the problem, to show that the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2 does not exist we need to get the right hand side and left hand side limit of f(x). The right hand side limit of f is positive infinity while the left hand side limit of f is negative infinity. Since they are not equal, we are forced to conclude that the limit of f(x) does not exist. Reference: What the Derivative Tells Us About a Function. Retrieved October 12 2007 from http://www.ugrad.math.ubc.ca/coursedoc/math102/keshet.notes/chapter5

Article Review: a Chronic Inflammatory Disease Essay

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Those that are susceptible to asthma, this inflammation can cause the airways to spasm and swell periodically so that the airways become narrow. The individual will then wheeze or gasp for air. Obstruction to air flow either resolves spontaneously or responds to a wide range of treatments, but continuing inflammation makes the airways hyper-responsive to stimuli such as cold air, exercise, dust mites, pollutants in the air, and even stress and anxiety (TheFreeDictionary). The articles â€Å"Asthma treated with integrative medicine† and â€Å"Asthma linked to celiac disease† both discuss how asthma is a problem to people of all ages and can ultimately linked to other diseases like celiac disease. No one can actually pinpoint how long asthma has been around for but it has been traced back to as early as 3000 B.C. which is the Egyptians era. As we know some people can have asthma at birth without knowing until they have difficulty breathing, some may call it a panic attack, but it can become a serious problem if left untreated. Asthma has become a major health issue around the world and each person has a different experience with his or her asthma. Asthma in terms can become chronic, and a long term disease which can affect our breathing. . Asthma can affect the community in different ways such as allergies and the biggest way that it would affect the community is by chemicals and smoking. When chemicals are burned or disposed of improperly it can pollute the air which makes people that have asthma susceptible to asthma attacks. Depending on how bad their case of asthma is inhaling smoke from someone smoking near them can also trigger an asthma attack. Chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and sulfites are used to preserve foods and beverages can also trigger an asthma attack. The community around has responded to this problem by having people test for asthma at younger ages and making more areas smoking free such as schools and hospitals and parks. The health department had also made the policies where restaurants and stores are only allowed to have a certain amount of chemicals in their food to help prevent people with asthma and other related diseases from getting panic attacks. In conclusion a problem in our community is asthma. Asthma is can become chronic, and a long term disease which can affect our breathing in all stages of our lives. Asthma has been around for a long time. Asthma affects our community in many ways. One of the ways it affects us is when chemicals are not disposed of in the correct manner it affects the way people with asthma breathe. The community has responded to this problem by making more places smoking free. References Neustaedter, Randall(2011).Asthma treated with integrative medicine. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www.naturalnews.com/032000_asthma_integrative_medicine.html McCook, Allison (2011). Asthma linked to celiac disease..Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/24/us-asthma-linked-celiac-disease-idUSTRE71N4WF20110224 TheFreeDictionary.com, (2008). Definition of asthma. Retrieved August 1, 2011 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/asthma

Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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AT&T Wireless Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

AT&T Wireless - Term Paper Example This essay discusses that AT & T Wireless has been a major player in the techno-communications industry and has made a lot of great impacts in society since its inception. Agreeably, the company has achieved so much and can boast of shredding shoulders with all other companies when it comes to naming global techno-communication giants. Apart from the fast that the company has grown in financial wise and has been credited with a number of technologically based innovations and inventions, there still remains a lot more that the company can do to wind up its achievement. It was option said that the sky was the limit but today a lot more corporate gurus are beginning to realize that there is much space beyond the sky and so the limit could even be pegged above the sky. If this is the case, then a lot more can be targeted for AT&T to achieve as a global corporate figure. But for whatever goal or vision is set for the company, the goal cannot be achieved in the absence of a well caved busi ness strategy. This is because it is these strategies that serve as roadmaps, yardsticks and radars for determining the policy direction to take into achieving the goals of the company. Based on this assertion by Kusi, The Plan Ware defines a business strategy as document or facility that â€Å"can provide the foundation and frame work for a business plan.† This means that before a strategy would be needful, there must be a business plan in place. With reference to AT & T Wireless, their business plan may be summed in their mission and vision statement, which is to become a leader in the provision of network of all wireless carriers. It is actually based on this business plan that a technology strategy has been highlighted below. Quoting directly from the AT&T Enterprise (2012), the most outlining strategy suggested for the company is the â€Å"Development of a gap analysis which addresses people, process, and technology considerations.† This means that there is an adv ocacy for the customer to strategically focus on customer needs and assistance whiles exploring ways of expanding their technological reach. This is a very comprehensive strategy that entails a number of fundamental models. First, the company must be in a position to appreciate the contribution of their customer as the most important stakeholders of the company. Second, the company must have a commitment to meeting customers at the point of their needs. Third, the company must be result oriented so as to be in a position to solve all technology based problems pointed out by customers. Finally, the company must seek of ways of expanding their systems and structure to cater for growing demand of support from their customers. It must be emphasized that this strategy is not a corporate social responsibility whereby the company is being asked to solve customers’ problems for free. Rather, it is customer-oriented strategy that indict upon the company to help the customer know that he or she has this problem and so needs this solution to the problem and that the company is in a position to offer the solution. In simple terms, the company should look out for problems to fix at a cost. This will create a win-win situation where by the customer would see the company as a ready-to-help mate and the company to will by this means be making her own profits. Section 2 - Core Competencies Given the strategy of the company as â€Å"development of a gap analysis which addresses people, process, and technology considerations†, there are a number of core competencies that can be built around the realization of this strategy. Because the strategy is more of reach out system of identifying the needs of people (customers) and applying the most appropriate technology based solutions to the problems, some of the core competences that can be outlined include beginner technology evaluation, corporate technology offer assistance and wireless security expertise. Each of thes e three core competences can briefly be highlighted as follows: Beginner

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Surprise Ending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Response to Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Power and Managerial Control - Assignment Example The different sources of power within organizations are coercive power which can be described as ones ability to influence the behavior of others in an organizations by either taking punitive measures towards mistakes committed or threatening them of taking punitive measures in order to influence their behavior towards a task or goals allocated to them (Seperich & Mccalley, 2006). A good example of this is that most employees usually comply with directives given by managers because of fear of what action the manager might take against them in the events that the fail to follow the directives in question. This empowers most managers in organizations because they have the capability of excising different punitive measures towards employees working under them like reprimands, issuing out undesirable work assignments, withholding key information, demotions and suspensions or dismissals. However, coercive power in organizations varies from one organization to the other as many have clearl y defined policies and procedures which govern managers’ relationship with their employees. Likewise, the presence of unions also affects coercive powers in organizations because it weakens it rather than strengthening it since they argue out that not only managers in organizations should have coercive powers but also employees in different departments can exercise this form of power through such ways like use of sarcasm and fear of rejections (Gibson & Carr, 2004).

Acounting and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acounting and finance - Essay Example To efficiently administer the various functional areas for which the manager is responsible and also to co ordinate these functions and activities within the overall framework of an organization is the two major purpose of an accounting system Especially the management accounting systems contemplate to analytically measure and report all financial and non-financial information so that the managers can make fruitful and effective decisions to fulfill the goals of an organisation. Thus the focus of the management accounting is mainly internal reporting of the various activities. Modern day management accounting plays a very significant role in both planning and control decisions. Hence in the process of decision making the management accountant has to make a number of realistic and logical assumptions in arriving at an optimal solution for the problem on hand. For enabling the management accountant to take a stand on the various assumptions in the process of decision making, the cost o f the product or service is a key element. Traditionally there are various methods of ascertaining the cost of a particular product or service. One of such methods is collecting the various cost elements and allocating them to the particular product or service which is known as unit costing.As outlined above one of the traditional ways of ascertaining the cost is to apportion a standard cost for each unit based on historical cost data. This system of ascertaining costs and base the managerial decisions has lost significance due to the fact that modern companies tend to have lower truly variable costs as against a very high degree of fixed costs. Also the equipments that are being used have become more complex and specialized and they form a very significant proportion of total costs. In addition organization with a wide range of products has processes which are common to several finished items making cost allocation irrelevant or meaningless. 3.0 ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL COSTING SYSTEMS-ACTIVITY BASED COSTING SYSTEM (ABC SYSTEM) An alternative to the traditional costing systems, modern day multi process business corporations adopt the activity based costing system which has proved a real tool in the hands of the managers for making proper business decisions. The activity based costing system is a refinement of the costing system in which focus is centered on the individual activities as the fundamental cost objectives. An activity in an organization may take the form of an event, task or unit of work with a specified purpose. To illustrate; the design activity, set up activity, manufacturing operations, shipping activity, distribution activity and administrative activity can form the basic key costing elements for the refinement of the costing system and thereby to arrive at the proper cost of a particular unit or service. ABC system aims at calculating the costs of the individual activities and assign costs to cost objects such as products or services on the basis of the activities undertaken to produce each product or service. 3.1 FEATURES OF ABC SYSTEM OF COSTING Fundamentally there are three distinct features of the activity based costing system: They are: 1. ABC system works by creating smaller cost pools linked to different activities. Traditionally organizations used to have single overhead cost pool related to several cost pools. 2. For each activity-cost pool ABC system aims to measure the activity performed and have this as the base. 3. In some cases costs in a cost pool can be identified and traced back to a particular Product or department or service and such kind of direct tracing of costs improve the cost accuracy as no assumptions are made to allocate the common costs. The logic behind the working of the ABC system of costing is that the more we create finely structured activity-cost pools, greater is the

Shakespeare skilfully weaves political Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare skilfully weaves political Essay Shakespeares aim in Act 1 is to establish Hamlet firmly as the pivotal character in the play What do you see as the importance of Act 1? Shakespeare does use Act 1 to introduce some important political and personal issues and themes to the audience. It is important that these are established in the first act so that the audience are aware not only of the political state of Denmark but also the state of the personal affairs of the main characters of the play. There is a lot of evidence to support this first statement concerning political themes and issues. The state of Denmark is immediately established as an unhealthy political body. This is commented upon by many characters, either directly something is rotten in the state of Denmark or as part of a general feeling of unwell I am sick at heart. This theme of political malaise is also shown through the behaviour of the King and Queen. According to Hamlet, they drink so much that other countries clepe [them] drunkards. Drinking alcohol excessively is unhealthy for the body and as Claudius and Gertrude represent the body politic of Denmark, this shows another sign of malaise and weakness of Denmark politically. The actions of the King and Queen offer another political issue as Claudius is not the rightful king of Denmark. He has usurped the rightful King by murder and has therefore gone against the will of God and only tragedy and ruin can come from the rein of this immoral king. We also learn in this act that Claudius is a hypocrite, Hamlet calls him smiling damned villain, and he proves himself to be an untrustworthy king. This is also shown through the behaviour of the citizens as the audience immediately get a strong sense of mistrust and unease from the first scene as there are cries of Whos there? Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself The presence of a ghost also reflects a sense of unease as Old Hamlet is stuck in purgatory and therefore cannot rest. Not only are political themes addressed in the first act but current political issues are raised as well. Shakespeare uses Claudius speech to update the audience on what is going on in Denmark. We understand there is a threat from Fortinbras who is seeking revenge against Denmark, but whether or not this is a serious threat we cannot tell as the King is not trustworthy. He makes the threat seem small and insignificant but other characters talk of preparation that point towards what would seem to be a war or some form of military action. An imminent war also supports the theme of political unrest and uncertainty. Personal issues and themes are raised as well in the first act. The most intriguing being the issue of Hamlets personal wellbeing. From the beginning he appears to be a very troubled individual, he starts his opening soliloquy with the line o that this too too sallied flesh would melt showing an incline towards suicidal feelings and depression-not without just cause though. He exists within a dysfunctional family unit and has just suffered the loss of his father for whom only he appears to be grieving for. He says in this act I do not set my life at a pins fee showing he has no value upon his own life. This points towards self destructive behaviour and as we learn he must seek to avenge his fathers murder, we wonder to what extremes he will go to. In this act we are also introduced to a lot of different characters and the relationships they have with each other. There is the forbidden, but passionate relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia. As to the nature of the relationship it appears that it is doomed as her brother and her father warn her against it. This could be because they know the intensity of it as her father talks about when the blood burns and blazes. It could be because Hamlet is a unpredictable character a puffed and reckless libertine and heir to the throne, and Ophelia is somewhat nai ve you speak like a green girl and therefore susceptible to him. It raises the issue and theme of love but at the same time tragedy as it appears doomed from the beginning. Another destructive relationship we see in Act 1 is that between Claudius and Gertrude. Together they are a pair of traitors, Hamlet calls Gertrude o most pernicious woman and Claudius is referred to, by Old Hamlet as that incestuous, that adulterous beast. Through their relationship the theme of betrayal is portrayed as they have both betrayed Old Hamlet by murdering him and through damned incest. As a result of this we learn of Hamlets broken relationship with his mother and the forced, false relationship with Claudius which reflects the on-going theme of appearance versus reality. There is also the personal issue of brotherly betrayal and going against nature, as it is described as unnatural, which is reminiscent of the biblical story of Cane and Abel. And also the devoted relationship between Hamlet and his father which is put to the test as Old Hamlet requests that Hamlet avenge his death. At first Hamlet is eager to do this Haste me to knowt that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge but later views it as more of a burden The time is out of joint; O cursed spite that ever I was born to set it right but nevertheless feels it is his duty to his father. A similar devotion, tinged with sadness and disappointment is the relationship between Old Hamlet and Gertrude. Although it seems Gertrude has forgotten about Old Hamlet within a month, ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears had left the flushing in her galled eyes, she married it seems that Old Hamlet still has affections for her. He warns Hamlet taint not thy mind nor let thy soul contrive against thy mother aught showing that he does not wish Hamlet to hurt or alter his attitude towards his mother is his quest for revenge. Yet his disappointment and hurt is clear as he calls her my most seeming-virtuous Queen. In support of the second statement, Shakespeare also uses Act 1 to establish Hamlet firmly as the pivotal character in the play. He is immediately established as the character who has the ability to drive the plot. He is entrusted with a mission from his dead father and the audience are left at the end of Act1, anticipating what he will do. What happens in the rest of the play largely depends on Hamlets actions. He is the only character so far that the ghost talks to, which shows that Hamlet is an important character and a pivot in the play around which the plot and characters revolve. Not only is Hamlet central to the plot of the play, Shakespeare also uses him to characterise many themes and issues as he is an intriguing character with an added depth that other characters do not have, which is created through Shakespeares use of soliloquies. In act1 alone he has two soliloquies, which permit the audience insight into his personality and innermost thoughts. Yet despite this he still unreliable as he proves to be a mentally unstable character and his actions still provoke many questions. Through this, the theme of appearance versus reality and acting are explored through the character of Hamlet. His supposed ill mental health also represents the theme of sickness and disease that has already been established as a main theme, and of course the theme of madness. Hamlet is singled out through the use of visuals as well as he is the only one on stage wearing black while Claudius is giving his uplifting, motivating speech Good Hamlet, cast thy knighted colour off. This is to reflect Hamlet as being alone in his grief and mourning for his father which also raises the issue of family relationships. The fact that he is the true heir to the throne, and the rightful King of Denmark now that his father is dead, also puts Hamlet at the forefront of the play He is automatically in the centre of many themes that surround this issue of betrayal and revenge. Many relationships centre around Hamlet as well, as depicted in the earlier argument, and sub plots arise from this, for example the forbidden love of Hamlet and Ophelia. I think the importance of Act 1 is summarised by both these statements. Political and personal themes and issues are raised and affirmed and so is the character of Hamlet. Shakespeare does this to introduce the tragic tone of the play and introduce important issues and themes. The main plot of revenge is also established in Act 1, as are the sub plots like the relationship between Ophelia and Hamlet and the threat of war or attack from Fortinbras. Characters are established and now that the audience are aware of all this, they are able to follow the action that ensues in the remainder of the play.

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act Erica D’Souza The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act:  Impediments of Implementation Introduction to the Subject: The present paper basically focuses on the problems and impediments that have been faced in the implementation of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE) in India. The paper primarily analyses and utilizes the secondary data available in the form of scholarly and newspaper articles on the concerned subject. The paper also attempts to understand, in a reverse mode, the advantages and drawbacks of the RTE Act. A new ray of hope became visible for the largely-undermined Public Education System in India when the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act came into force on 1st April, 2010. It has made free and compulsory education a fundamental right of every child in the (6 14) age group, irrespective of gender or social category (The Gazette 3). Now, it is a shared responsibility of both Central and State Governments to provide free and compulsory education to all children by all means. If a child is not getting access to the education, the State as well as the Central government will be responsible for it. The RTE Act also states that the responsibility of enrollment, attendance and completion of 8 years of schooling of every child will also be borne by the State. There is a special provision for the differently-able children in the Act. They will also be educated in the ordinary schools as well as up to the age of 18 (Soni and Rahman 6). Some important features of the act in brief (Gazette of India II): Every child belonging to the age group of 6-14 has the right to free and compulsory education. Private school will also have to take 25% of their class strength from the weaker section and the underprivileged groups of the society and that is also through a random selection process. It also states that there should not be any vacant seat in 25% quota in private schools. Moreover, these children from weaker background should be treated equally in all ways. Every school will have to follow norms and standards prescribed in the Act and school that does not follow these standards within 3 years will not be permitted to function further. No admission test or interview will be taken for children or parents in order to secure admission. A fixed student and teacher ratio is to be maintained suggested by the central government. The ratio is (30:1). The Government must ensure a Primary school within 1 KM and secondary school in 3 KM of all the territory of the State to ensure 100% enrollment. Impediments of Implementations: Different organizations have carried out various studies to find out status of implementation of the RTE Act focusing both on the educational infrastructure and quality of education. The most comprehensive and important survey is the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) which is carried out by Pratham, an education foundation bringing such annual report since 2005. ASER is carried out carried out by a local institution in every rural district in India. It is carried out each year in two months: September and November. In 2012, the survey reached 567 districts, 16,166 villages, 331,881 households and 5,96,846 children. About 500 organizations and 25,000 volunteers participated in this effort (Status 7). The ASER report for the status of implementation of the RTE Act in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan reveals two major findings which are not very gratifying for the implementation of the RTE Act in India and universalization of education: poor quality of education and privatization (8). The reports also provides some specific findings such as: turn down trend in student and teacher attendance; enrolment is high, but proportion of out-of-school children also high, first choice was given for private schools and declining reading skill, private tution in demand etc. In his article â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of RTE Act†, published in The Hindu on 21 May 2013, Mohamed Imranullah S. argues that despite 25% reservation for children from the weaker sections of the society in private schools, they do not end up enrolling themselves in the lack of proper information about it (Imaranullah 2). It shows that lack of awareness regarding the RTE Act and facilities which one can avail under this right is one of the major impediments in the successful implementation of the RTE Act. Siddhartha Shome in her article â€Å"What is Wrong with the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act† draws our attention to a discrepancy inherent in the law itself which may also affect the proper implementation of the Act itself. She point out that if a private school fails to meet the required norms and standards, it will be fined heavily. But, in the same condition, a government run school will face no punishment (Shome 4). This inherent discrepancy, I feel, will also affect the attitudes of authorities in charge as they will not be responsible to provide answers if they fail to meet the given standards. And that will surely affect the education of children too. In their jointly written article â€Å"Feasibility of Implementation of Right to Education Act† and published in Economic and Political Weekly, Pankaj S Jain and Ravindra H Dholakia argue that insufficient allocation of the funds for the universal school system also weakens the proper impleme ntation of the RTE Act (Jain and Dholakia 38). They argue that government school system is inefficient to fulfill the dream nurtured by the Act and as a kind of solution to this problem they suggest to â€Å"rely on low cost private schools as a significant instrument of the government education policy† (Jain and Dholakia 38-43). In response to their article’s argument, Vimala Ramachandran in her article â€Å"Right to Education Act: A Comment† argues that reliance on alternative schools or private schooling will condemn the poor and marginalized to a second-rate education as they can never afford private and expensive schooling (Vimala 155). Status of Implementation of the RTE Act (2013): The study carried out in the year 2013 in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan regarding the implementation of the RTE Act reveals two major impediments in the implementation of the RTE Act: 1) The role of the state and 2) the coordination between the implementing agencies (The Status 26-27). The report reveals that the state is not very much willing to spend money on the proper implementation and there is a lack of coordination between implementing agencies such as the Labor Ministry and the police, the Human Resource Development Ministry, the child rights commissions in each state, etc. For example, In Uttar-Pradesh, the state has no intention of contributing towards implementation of Act and is wholly depended on the central government (Rai 3). The RTE Act states that a child must have access to a school near their home. How many schools would we have to build to meet the needs of the population? Dilara Sayeed in her article â €Å"Hurdles in implementation of Right to Education Act in India† draws our attention towards this problem. She argues that proper infrastructure, poor distribution of budget, acute shortage of teachers and great heterogeneity of citizenry all make proper and smooth implementation of RTE Act very difficult (Sayeed 4). According to her the lack of schools is a major hurdle for the implementation. She argues that for educating every Indian as proposed in RTE Act, not many schools have been built up by the centre or state government to meet the needs of the population (5). Moreover, the alarming growth of private tution-based education with heavy load of fee is also another reason. And because of it children of the poor class lag behind (6). Ramakant Rai in his article â€Å"Challenges in Implementing the RTE Act† draws our attention to another fragile issue which obstructs the smooth implementation of the RTE Act in India. He argues that the Indian Constitution has clear ly stated that implementation of RTE Act cannot be only done by the state but the Centre will have to contribute equally. Lack of funds cannot be the only hurdle for its implementation but lack of intent and political will is the primary obstacle. There is improvement seen in the facilities provided by schools and in infrastructure facilities but still quality of learning could not bring remarkable change over the period of nine years (Madhav Chavan- ASER report). There are many accusations against government school being questioned with mismanagement, skipping, negligence and of appointment made on political expediency (RTE Wiki). The act has provision for orphans to provide admission without seeking any certificates but still schools are not admitting students without required documents (RTE). It has also been argued that the RTE Act has been hastily drafted without concerning many expertise scholars in the field of education. Moreover, it did not properly mention the actual defin ition for quality education. Bibliography: The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act, 2009). The Gazette of India. Web. http://www.ncte-india.org/Norms/RTE-1.pdf>. Soni, R.B.L. and Md. Atiqur Rahman. Status of Implementation of RTE Act-2009 in Context of Disadvantaged Children at Elementary Stage. Deptt. of Elementary Education. National Council of Educational Research and Training. Delhi. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER). Pratham. Jain, Pankaj S and Ravindra H. Dholakia. â€Å"Feasibility of Implementation of Right to Education Act.† EPW 44.25 (2009):38-43. Print. Ramchandran, Vimala. â€Å"Right to Education Act: A Comment.† EPW. 44.28 (2009): 155-157. Print. Imaranulllah, Mohamed S. â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of RTE Act.† The Hindu. May 21, 2013. Sarkar, Chanchal Chand. â€Å"Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 and Its Implementation.† India’s Infrastructure Report 2012. Shome, Sidhartha. â€Å"What is Wrong with the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act.† Manushi: Working Towards Solutions. http://www.manushi.in/ articles.php.> Accessed on October 18 2014. Status of Implementation of the RTE Act: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Web. https://socialissuesindia.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/status-of-implementation-of-rte-2013.pdf>. Srivastava, Prachi and Claire Noronha. â€Å"Institutional Framing of the Right to Education Act: Contestation, Controversy and Concessions.† EPW 49.18 (2014): 442-456. Print. Rai, Ramakant. â€Å"Challenges in implementing the RTE Act.† Infochange News Features. May 2012. Web. http://infochangeindia.org/education/backgrounders/challenges-in-implementing-the-rte-act.html>. Sayeed, Dilara. â€Å"Hurdels in Implementation of Right to Education Act in India.† India Tribune. Web.http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=7659:hurdles-in-implementation-of-right-to-education-act-in-india-catid=30:opinionItemid=460>.

Factors Affecting Retention Of Denture Health And Social Care Essay

Factors Affecting Retention Of Denture Health And Social Care Essay Stability is the prevention for denture base to move in a horizontal direction and from sliding front or back and side to side.It is more important in lower complete denture.If the ridge is higher and broader than there will be better stability. Support is the ability of denture to move vertically towards the arch.It is provided by gums and buccal vestibule in mandibular arch while in maxillary arch palate helps to support denture.In order to get good support denture flanges should be larger. IMPORTANCE OF COMPLETE DENTURE Now a days.the dietary habits of the people increases need of using denture as the tooth decay or loss may occur as a result of careis,periodontal destruction and uncontrolled diabetes.In order to achieve success in treatment,some of the matters should be considered.In complete denture,the attitude and motivation of the patient should be evaluated.The dentist should know about the patients problem and demands and keeping in mind try to meet expectations.The whole procedure in the fabrication of complete denture including problems in retention,support and stability of denture must be explained to the patient.After this the dentist must work with the patient to get success in matters such as speech,mastication,esthetics and neuromascular control.By solving pateints complain positively,dentist can satisfy the patient and even train the patient to solve their problems in future.At last,it is the duty of dentist to inform patient that the success of complete denture depends on the maintai nance of denture at home as well as giving regular visits to dentist. FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION OF DENTURE ANATOMICAL FACTOR (DENTURE BEARING AREA) Retention also depends on the size and quality of denture bearing area.The retention increases as the increase in size of denture bearing area.Maxillary denture bearing area is 24 sq.cm and mandibular denture bearing area is less 14 sq.cm. So mandibular denture has less retention than maxillary denture. http://www.drchetan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/maxilla-mandible-denture-bearing-area.png Dr. Chetan ;Objectives of Impression making in complete denture; 2010 ROLE OFIMPRESSION MAKING FOR RETENTION The impression of complete denture is a very important step.The impression of the upper and lower jaw the periphery of ridges,post dam area,recording of retromylohyoid fossa and recording of the depression of coronoid process in upper impression is important in to form good retentive denture.The displacement of tissue during impression making is also important in this regard. Displacement of the tissues also affect the retention. Those tissues which were displaced during impression making can rebound while using dentures, leading to loss of retention. Dr. Chetan 2010. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric pressure is considered to have some role in complete denture retention.It is only workable when there is lower pressure under the denture and presence of vaccum.The vaccum is created by applying pull which increase the volume between denture base and underlying tissue to maintain seal around some area for lower pressure to be constant.Thus the retention is produced because of pull and displacement.Some times the proper seal of acrylic to mucosa is not formed and some the other factors are required. Thus, all parts of the system of denture and wearer are exposed to the atmospheric pressure, and the hydraulic nature of the soft tissue means that, under resting conditions this will be transmitted into the region between denture and tissue hydrostatically. Under normal conditions as there is no pressure difference and no static retaining force so the atmospheric pressure has no bearing on retention. (B. W. Darvell,and R. K. F. Clark.) ADHESION Adhesion is the physical interaction between two unlike molecules with one another.In denture it is mainly applicable among the saliva and the denture base material(acrylic resin).The closer the surface of denture and saliva,the adhesion is increased.The adhesion is more if contact angle is less.The wetting of saliva is more on oral mucosa than on denture base.thus adhesion also depends upon the viscosity of saliva.The thin layer binds more effectively than thick but ropy saliva may have some advantage especially resisting flow into space between denture base and mucosa,this is negated if the film formed is thick in first place. COHESION This is a physical attraction of similar molecules with each other and occur in saliva layer.If the saliva is less,there is marked reduction in cohesive force.This means if the larger the surface area of denture base,there are more chances of cohesive force will act.These forces are less effective than cohesive forces.The formation of bubbles in saliva will also decrease retention. http://www.drchetan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/retention-factors-impression.png Dr. Chetan ;Objectives of Impression making in complete denture; 2010 SURFACE TENSION It is the difficulty to seprate two well adapted surface having thin film of liquid between surfaces which is due cohesive forces occur at surface of liquid.It is same to the forces which causes the liquid to rise in capillary tube. These forces are increased when the denture base is close to the mucosal surface.The flatter the palate,difficult to displace the denture as compared to high palate. WETTABILITY When a solid surface is wetted by liquid ,its retention increases .Some of the strength is required to break the adhesion between them.It there is no or less wetting,the less force is needed for the sepration of denture from saliva and there is lack of retention.Although,the acrylic is wetted by water but as the saliva is rich in proteins and mucoplysaccharides form a strong bond and create a more wettable surface.If the surface is treated by any material may be adsorbed by saliva so may not help in providing good retention. SURFACE ROUGHNESS If the surface roughness is increased ,the adhesion between saliva and denture is also improved. GRAVITY It is only appied when the denture is resting on mucosa under its own weight.In order to hold the denture gravity should be raised but in case of upper denture it may result in lack of retention and dropping of denture as person wearing denture face in downward position.The lower denture is only few grams in mass and increasing it can be resulted in fatigue of the jaw carrying load and may contribute to temporomandibular joint problems. VISCOSITY The viscosity of saliva plays an important role in a sepration of two surfaces after the force is applied.The viscosity of saliva is not under control and is time dependent.The viscous material is useful in denture retention to some extent as washing of it with time can reduce efficacy. SEATING FORCE After the inserting denture in oral cavity ,a pressure or force is applied to get retention. The instantaneous effect will be to confirm the thinnest possible saliva film and so the best result is caused by the viscous retardation of displacement. This must also be achieved at the expense of some displacement of the supporting soft tissue, and if this created a better fit, it would not last long as that tissue rebounded elastically. (B. W. Darvell, and R. K. F. Clark) PERPHERAL SEAL In order to get good retention denture base is closely attach to the oral mucosa with a thin film of saliva between them .The disruption of this may result in loss of retention. This can occur on the borders of denture because the movement of tissue here is under the control of musculature.so a layer of saliva should be maintained at the external surface of denture.If the flange of denture is thin and the tissues is at rest, the saliva flows rapidly between the tissue surfaces ,flange and then to the fitting surfaces will result in the easy displacement of denture.If the space between denture flange and tissue is narrow,there is slow and even flow of saliva and the good retention of denture.The dimension of the flange of denture should promote the proper movement of muscle and overlying tissues without displacing denture base. If extension of denture is too far in the sulcus than the muscular movement can result in displacement of denture along with sulcus ulceration.If it is less ex tended into sulcus there is less retained saliva and the loss of retention.The upper denture is extended as far as possible but not on the soft palate.This shows that the posterior seal is not present.It is obtained if the displaced tissue also move with the denture during function.This can be done by making post dam area by creating raised grooves on posterior surface. Buccal Compliance Low pressure Narrow space for viscous flow Surface tension (B.W Darvell and R.K.F CLARK; The Physical Mehanism Of Complete Denture Retention;2000) ORAL AND FACIAL MASCULATURE The normal movement of oral and facial musculature can also provide retention,if the denture work in harmony with the muscles.The flanges of upper denture slope outwards and upwards in way that the action of buccinator muscle helps to seat the denture.During incision,forces acting anteriorly on the denture is may tend to tip the denture and posterior border of denture move downwards because posteriorly the base of tongue may respond forces which occur anteriorly on denture. In case of lower denture,the buccal flange move outward and downward from the teeth so that the buccinators propely seat the denture.The lingual flange slopes towards floor of mouth helping the tongue to rest against it.The distal end of flange rests in retro mylohoid fossa to maintain peripheral seal and to prevent displacement of denture against lateral forces. OCCLUSION The placement of artifical teeth and arch form should me maintain in the same postion as that of natural teeth so that they will work in a harmony with musculature.The teeth is then better to place in a neutral zone.In order to get balance occlusion the maximum number of teeth should be in contact with eachother.After the insertion of denture,high occlusal spots should be removed to enhance the efficacy and retention of denture. MECHANICAL AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION The under cut which is present on one side of the ridge helps in retention but bilateral under should be surgically corrected as they cause difficulty in retention of denture.The use of denure adhesives and pastes also improve the retention of denture.The magnets and suction disc also play an important role in this regard.Now a days,the use of suction disc is prohibited as continuous use of denture with suction disc affect the palate and may result in oroantral communication. The continuous use of denture in diabetic patient may loss retention due to bone resorbtion.Thus relining or rebasing of denture is required to increase retention.In pshycomotor patient retention of denture is a problem which is solved by proper counselling of patient. A training device is made in combination with an exercise program to teach muscle control for retention of a mandibular denture. It consists of a shellac record base which is connected with string to an extraoral spring balance scale. The patient is guided to use the tongue, cheek and lip muscles for denture retention. The patient is then instructed to displace the seated record base by pulling on the scale. The increase in measurements on the scale show good resistance to displacement of the denture base.( Escoe R 1989) REFRENCES 1.Escoe R. Psychomotor patient training to enhance retention of complete dentures. (1989) May-Jun;2(3):243-4. 2. Dr. Chetan. Objectives of Impression making in complete denture( 2010). 3. Terry Weber.Comfortable Dentures Need Support, Stability and Retention. 4. David M. Roessler. Complete denture success for patients and dentists(2003). 5. B. W. Darvell, and R. K. F. Clark, The physical mechanisms of complete denture retention(2000).

Technology in the Classroom Stimulates Learning Essay -- Education Sch

Technology in the classroom, is it good or bad? I think this is a question that will be debated for many years to come. There are those who believe that we must have technology in the classroom so that we can move forward as a society. In a speech given by Roy Pea and Larry Cuban, Roy Pea quotes the Labor Secretary’s Commission on the Achieving Necessary Skill, or SCANS, as saying â€Å"Those unable to use technology face a life time of menial work.† Others believe that technology replaces learning and is actually making us stupid. Some believe that the costs out weigh the benefits and others who believe the opposite. I believe that technology in the classroom can only help to enhance and stimulate learning and prepare students for the future. The government has even acknowledged the need for technology in the classroom. In the â€Å"no child left behind† bill there is a section that covers this very topic. This section is known as the â€Å"Enhancing Education Through Technology act of 2001†. â€Å"The primary goal of this part is to improve student academic achievement through the use of technology in elementary schools and secondary schools.† Technology is everywhere and as educators of future generations we cannot simply ignore it or its influence in our daily lives. The world of education is constantly changing. The demands on teachers and students are ever increasing. Students are being expected to learn harder math concepts earlier in their educational careers. For example, my son is taking Pre-Algebra in the seventh grade. Without the use of technology, how can we expect teachers and students to keep up with these demands? Technology can allow teachers to provide their students with visual examples of concepts they ar... ...ts to develop marketable jobs skills. They are learning how to use technology to get the most from their education. We are preparing our students for the future and all the changes it will bring. Kathleen Patrice Gulley wrote â€Å"Given the role that education plays in preparing students to go into the world, it seems clear that there should be a connection between the world and the classroom. Unless education reflects the world in which it exists, it has no relevance for the students.† If we do not incorporate technology into our classrooms we are failing to give our children the best possible education and the skills necessary to be successful in the future. Resources http://tappedin.org/info/teachers/debate.html http://www.ed.gov/legislation/ESE02/pg34.html http://jep.csus.edu/journal2003/paper5.htm http://www.standards.nctm.org/document/chapter1/index.htm

The Beat Generation Essay -- essays research papers fc

The â€Å"beat movement† is a literary period born out of World War II. This movement in American Literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Characterized by personal alienation and contempt for convention, the movement celebrated stylistic freedom and spontaneity. The Beat writers created a new vision of modern life and altered the nature of awareness in America. The Beat Generation was one of the first groups of writers to break down the barriers of traditional literature and set a precedent for future writers with their writing style, their way of life, and by the messages they portrayed. They were the kids dressed in black, hanging out at coffee shops, reading their latest poetry. They protested wars, were drug users, and openly expressed homosexuality, as they expressed every aspect of their life candidly. But, the Beats are best known for their writing style. It was unique for that time to cast aside conventional structures of sentences and poetry. They used dashes instead of commas and periods; to write the way a person hears speech. Their poetry had a style of it’s own, unknown to any other groups of poets at the time; no rhyming, no structure, and non-conforming beauty. The Beat writers formed in New York City, started with only a few members, but grew to have an impact on American society, especially in literature and politics, which still lasts today. Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg were the founders of the Beat G...

Marriage and the family

Throughout the course of time, family dynamics and components have evolved along with society. In recent history the contemporary family has evolved into more of a dual earner family, leaving the traditional division of responsibilities ever changing and progressing. In todays society it has become more common to see women taking on the traditional responsibilities of men both financially and around the home and men doing their part to assist with more household activities and child care.To fully understand the changes that have taken place over time it is important to look at here we have come from. Customarily, in the past family roles between and husband and wife were black and white. Men would traditionally work the nine to five every day, support the family financially, and take care of household maintenance. This would often cause less time for things like engagement with children and helping with their overall development. While Men had their hands full outside the home, women spent most of their time in the home taking care of housework and rearing children.As a society we have come a long way from what used to be considered a contemporary family. Today, a contemporary family no onger consists of one employed provider but a dual earning couple. This is due to women becoming more independent, career oriented, and educated. Another factor that plays into the evolution of the dual earner family is the state of the economy, cost of living, and childcare expenses. It is almost essential for families to have duel earners in order to make ends meet. Today, women can be Just as an important piece of the financial puzzle as their counterparts.Now that we have established the new normal, it is important to look at the division of the families responsibilities. In dual arning families, men have been doing more than they ever have and have come a long way. Men are now more actively participating in things like housework, cooking, and lawn care but the statistics st ill may surprise most. â€Å"According to the data from The American Time use Survey, 83% of women as compared to 64% of men reported spending time in such activities. † In addition, â€Å"married men reported spending 1. hours on household activities compared to 2. 5 hours reported by married women. † (The marriage and family experience eleventh edition) It is obvious that men are still doing less than women in the home on average.But Men have come a ong way from where they were in eras such as the 50's and 60's where they assisted in almost no household work. It is established that men are doing a better Job as society progresses. â€Å"Men's share of housework has increased over the past three decades (from 15% to more than 30%) as has their actual time spent doing housework. (The marriage and family experience eleventh edition) It is now common to see men cooking, cleaning, and child rearing as a result of both individuals being an equal contributor both financial ly and to the family. In shift work arrangements a man's role may be increased depending on what shift he is working. If a man is working a night shift, he would most likely be responsible for things like getting children ready for school, cooking breakfast, and driving to school as he would be returning from work when they are waking up.Obviously it is not Just the men who mentioned before, women are still doing more than men statistically when it comes to domestic chores. Women are often now earning larger wages, working more hours, and have more responsibilities than men both in their careers and in their families. Being domesticated is nothing new as far as women leading the way in the home. As ime passes it is hard to determine whether or not things will ever be equal.With the evolution of the dual earning arrangement, families are now forced to alter their traditional responsibilities to make the household run as a unit. Over the past few decades we have seen an exceptional in crease in the man's responsibilities around the home and have seen a shift in the traditional division of responsibilities. As the cost of living continues to rise and salaries continue to fall, it is not likely to see a shift in the other direction anytime soon. It truly is amazing to see how we have broken the mold in such a short period of time

Jonathans Swifts’ Gulliver’s Travels Essay

In Joanthans alerts Gullivers Travels Part IV he uses a plastered causa to be his perfect example for what the valetkind race should be. With this character he accordingly lead comp ar to the lowest of al sensation beings to illustrate alto exacther the faults of adult male. These characters in his bosh ar c entirelyed the Houyhnhnms, which begin a uniquely sympathetic pronunciation to the word hu realitys, and the Yahoos, who argon the evil beasts of this particular is shore up that Gulliver has washed up upon. through expose the fabrication as Gulliver describes the community of his home to the Houyhnhnms the referee begins to reassure how bustling shines a light on only the faults that hu compositions arrest comp ard to a divine, impartial and perfect creature as the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver tries to hard-hitting himself from the Yahoos of this pull d deliver, who he absolutely abhors, by explaining his pots ship port and showing they have the ability to sympathy, un handle the Yahoos. The reader substantially begins to see what lively is trying to take shape pass with his books.He lets the reader dress their induce assumptions of the hu piece race, besides makes the assumption precise clear. Within the story Gulliver describes how his nerves had been opened and enlarged his understanding, which he began to view the actions and passions of earth in a actually diametrical light(puchner291). Gulliver begins to see that the thick skin, unembellished hair and long nails be save the scarce involvement separating himself from the Yahoos. This eye spread is exactly what Swift wants his readers to experience and see that in that respect argon so numerous despicable faults and useless panaches of breeding in their family. The slow dissembling of the faults indoors man and inquisitive of the ways of valet de chambre are in complete concretion with the ideas and ways of the Enlightenment, which was in short, t o interrogation e rightfullything. As Gullivers stay on the is state continues, this oral sexing and examination of e rattling aspect of his actor manner continues as well.The Houyhnhnms, or voices of footing, go on to question the mightilyeousnesss of Gullivers land. angiotensin-converting enzyme Houyhnhnms orders how he depose non flush contemplate how the law which was intended for e genuinely mans preservation should be both mans ruin (puchner285). Swift takes a deep stab at the governments ways of betings at the time and just now shows how it is boththing just now just and does non make any sense. Swift excessively makes a remarkable point in the kick of womens rights, and uses common since to show how the give-and-take of women of the time was entirely reckless. The voice of a Houyhnhnms explains how it would be monstrous in them to give the females a different kind of fostering from the males (puchner298). The Houyhnhnms says how this way holds no logic, because it would leave wholeness half of their mass only utile for the constituteing of children into the beingness and leave them unattackable for nonhing else (puchner298). Swift does not seal off there and states how irresponsible it would be to not only leave this group in equal but to then trust the alimony and upbringing of their children with these completely incompetent creatures.His reason here is very sound and spare how tush you expect a society to flourish if the raising of man is through by the lowest creature of their society. Gulliver tries to turf out to be different form the Yahoos by the fact that he can reason. The Houyhnhnms can see straight through this and one states that when a creature pretending to reason could be capable of such enormities, he dreaded lest the corruption of that faculty faculty be worse than brutality itself (puchner285). Through the Houyhnhnms receipt Swift dives into the depths of what humankind is capable of. He tackles h ow we whitethorn have the sphere forcefulness of reason but have ill-treat it to the full extent and kind of of like the Yahoos caused destruction outwards on the world we have brought corruption into the inner beings of our society. Swifts writings in Gullivers Travels question the entire makings of humankind and steadytide the inability of people to dare to question.The Houyhnhnms are Swifts example of how humans should be but even the Houyhnhnms in their perfectness have a fault. They have no ability to question any facts or speak of the thing which is not. In Swifts story, Gulliver recants how he remembers how hard it was for him to get his pilot to comprehend the meaning of the word opinion, or how any fact could be brought to question because reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain and beyond our friendship we cannot do each (puchner297). Swift wants the reader to understand that you essential not be afraid to dress your legal opinions and wha t you have been taught all of your livelihood sentence into question, to not fear the unkn protest. The Houyhnhnms refuse to believe that there are nations outside of their own island, connatural to the way people refuse to speak out that there are opinions and answers other than their own that could be right. Swift uses his story Gullivers Travels to irrupt the idea that the world as you come may not be the better(p) of what it could be, just as the way stories have been used to teach children lessons at a young age.In Voltaires story Candide, his main character Candide is taken on a journey where he is determined to find his true live Cunegonde, which he is separated form in the kickoff of the story. Through his journey Voltaire has Candide also in constant search for any man that is happier than he. In the story Candide has a friend named Pangloss who is a philosopher. In the beginning of this tale Pangloss states that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause and that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything ineluctably serves the better(p) end (puchner356). Voltaire takes these quotes throughout the story and commits Candide to question it at every chance, but is blinded by pure faithfulness to what his friend Pangloss has said and continues to push on. Voltaire uses the comparing of two opposites just as Jonathan Swift did in Gulliver Travels IV. Voltaire uses the land eldorado in Candide to compare to Westphalia.eldorado is the example of the perfect world term Westphalia is full of everything that is wrong with the world in Voltaires opinion. In this sacred eldorado Candide and Cacambo witnesses how the people have no entrust or wants for the jewels that line their streets. He states that the children of this land must be well trained, since they are taught contempt for gold and jewels (puchner381). During their dinner with their force at the hotel Candide tries to use the gold for remuneration but in this perfect Eldorado people are courteous and hotels are made and paid for by the state and they do not need any money. Later Candide begins to study about righteousness and finds that this land has the perfect religion where they do not have monks that dictate what they do and punish them if they do not design their religion as they say they should (putchner383). quite Voltaire describes a religion where people are all of the same mind and can freely practice their religion (puchner282). formerly Candide meets the king he finds that this perfect land has no parliament for there was no need and no prisons but they had a gallery full of bespeaks to study sciences with mathematical and physical instruments to help further knowledge (putchner383). Here you can see how Voltaire is creating a world that has no prejudices and is surrounded by the overall bettering and honest of the people. Although Candide and Cacambo have open the perfect world they still are not satisfied. This is a major blemish in man, to continue to want even aft(prenominal) they have everything they need. In response to this, Candide and Cacambo leave and take all the wealthiness they need that they assume give bring them happiness but instead are presented with tragedy after tragedy that brings them right back to where they began.Candide then by losing everything whateverhow is reunited with all his friends and they make it to a petite turn to live where Pangloss continues to question. He finds a philosopher that he wants to discuss the effects and causes, the best of possible worlds, the origin of evil, the nature of the soul, and pre-established harmony (putchner412) all of which are meridian examples of some of the main parts that have been in question during the Enlightenment but instead Pangloss has the door slammed in his face similar to the way man refuses to discuss these very same aspect.Pangloss still does not check asking questi ons and making philosophical assumptions even to the very end of the story and after all the terrible things that had happened to him. Candide then runs into a Turk that states that most of the time the people who get involved in others business, perish awfully (putchner413). The Turk then continues to tell Candide that he and his family cultivate their 20 acres and the work keeps them from tercet great evils, boredom, vice, and poverty (putchner413). Candide takes the Turks words very seriously and soon sets out his life to imitate the Turks and sets up a garden to cultivate. After meeting all the people throughout his journey he finds this man to be the only person happier than him and he had found a way to make life bearable so Candide commits to doing the same. Voltaire has a great deal to say through his character Pangloss and Martin, about men who choose to live their lives working. Pangloss states that man was not born to take his relaxation and Martin comments that worki ng without speculation is the only way of rendering life bearable.Candide finally has everything that he wanted all on their farm but sees that what he wanted and thought is not anymore what he wants or thinks. Cunegonde has lost all her beauty and he does not love her anymore and Panglosss theory does not hold a light in Candids mind anymore. He decides to change his life and stop wanting more and make a life that is focused on one goal to cultivate his garden and not worry about the trifles amongst the world. He then sees clearly that he makes his own happiness and others do not. The garden will keep him away from the evils in which he has met all his life. He will not have to want for food and beg, and he will only have adequacy for what he needs and not what he wants and this will keep his mind cross and away from boredom. popes writings differ greatly from Swifts or Voltaires. In pontiffs Essay on Man, he uses rime to illustrate his philosophical points. The start of his a ttempt states what can we reason but from what we know(putchner345). pontiff gains the readers economic aid by simply saying that he is just going to examine Man. This only when is what the Enlightenment was about, to take into account all that you thought you knew and then ask yourself, is this really what I know. Pope goes to ask the question, are we the only remains or macrocosm? He says to just observe how remains into system runs(putchner345). How can we be the only world is the question he wishes to ignite in us if we just direct at our world we can clearly see that we are too a system within a system and perhaps we have a finding within this very sphere. He continues to ask question among question to further state, wherefore are we the way we are? And are we the exaltedest being above all on globe and if so, should we be in this place? We can see where he asks if beau ideal has placed him wrong and should we have the power over the world that we do (putchner345). I f perfection has placed us in this high position then shouldnt we be perfect, but he describes free will by saying that mans as perfect as he ought and that we are as good as we let ourselves be (putchner346).The Essay on Man discusses sine qua non and why we do not know our own fate or more then the very page that we are on in life. If had he thy reason, would he skip and draw (putchner346) and continue to live our lives if we knew how it would all end. He gives the answer that hope of the unusual is what keeps man going. He examines the Indian people, a prime example of living in the unknown for they had no sciences to let them see the planets and the population but still remained to have graven image in their culture. He said they have a humbler heaven before the Europeans came to beguile their land and torment them for their gold (putchner347). Pope describes to the reader that feel is our error and we break up God for everything when we are not happy. Our surcharge gi ves us the right to think that earth is for our own use. He explains why has not man a microscopic eye, his response is simple that man is not a fly (putchner347). Pope wants the reader to see that God has made us the way we are and we are not meant to see that far that we are meant to survey the earth not to understand the heavens.He ends his essay by saying that all partial evil is universal good and that whatever is, is right (putchner351). This very statement was examined greatly by Voltaires work Candide and has been examined by many philosophers and thinkers even to this very present twenty-four hour period. The Rape of the Lock is some other story written by Pope in which he also uses meter to reach the reader but in my case went over my head. He illustrates a beautiful story of a lady friend named Belinda that his great at playing tease and wins the heart of every man and Sylph she comes across.The Sylphs bind Belinda throughout her entire day and Pope begins to show how man has no rig over anything that happens whether that may be the flexure of her sleeves or the safety of Belinda. Pope may be continuing his theory that man has his own fate but that he cannot know it and certain Powers that are out of our understand control our day to day life. That this is the way things are and it is in our best ability to be happy with the life we are given. Even the fair Belinda goddamned with all the beauty in the world is not spared by fates hand. The loss of her brink of hair in the end may resemble the loss of virtue and her pride for even the perfect can be brought down.Works CitedPuchner, Martin, Suzanne Akbari, Wiebke Denecke, Vinay Dharwadke, and Barbara Fuchs. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd ed. Vol. D. clean York, London W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 269-413. Print.