Business Value of Cloud Computing Essay

The significant development of information technology over past few years has led to the increasing demand of resources, extra bandwidth and computational power. Small and medium business companies with their limited budget are finding themselves in the middle of balancing between its client/employee needs and maintaining efficient work environment. In today’s economy the answer for the above problem is ‘Cloud Computing’. Cloud computing offers software and hardware resources and in some cases human services over a distributed environment that can be shared and utilized on demand through internet. Business owners can use these resources as per their requirement even if that is for few hours a day or few days a month and have to pay only for that actual use. Thus this relatively new concept is becoming highly popular among IT organizations because of its flexibility and cost effectiveness. It is highly scalable and also can span quickly according to the requirements of individual organization yet still sharing the same resources. Classification of Cloud services: The broad concept of Cloud computing can be classified into the following categories: 1)Software as a Service (SaaS): In this classification traditional or custom made software applications can be served over the internet rather than purchasing the licensed version individually. For example companies like Salesforce.com which provide CRM software to various business owners, Google Apps (word processors, spreadsheet applications) etc which are commonly used. All these are relatively cheaper than purchasing licensed versions and installing them in the internal infrastructure. Here the provider is responsible for updating the product and troubleshoot in case of any issues. 2)Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service includes providing the entire framework and all necessary products to support an entire Software development life cycle (SDLC). Starting with Analysis going all the way through design, coding, testing and deployment of the end product. The leading providers of this service are Microsoft Azure platform, Google App Engine. A classic example is SharePoint application from Microsoft where users from different location can collaborate to develop a common application that can be customized and shared individually according to the requirement of each client. 3)Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This classification focuses on renting storage equipments (servers and high end networking devices) as well as processing devices (CPUs) to clients who don’t wish to invest in buying dedicated devices as per their requirement. Companies are billed for these resources as per their actual use and can save lots of money. IaaS providers include Amazon S3 serving storage needs, EC2 for computation services and SQS for networking needs. The provider’s infrastructure is pre-setup and can scale up and down according the each client’s needs based on real-time situations. These resources can cater occasional peaks in the situations where there is sudden increase in data or can scale down when the data flow is less. Another small classification that can also be mentioned is of offering Peoples’ skills as a service, e.g. Programmers with knowledge of Cloud services can be provided per hour basis which can help organization in developing the application as well as integrating in the existing cloud services rented by the organization. This scales down cost of hiring a programmer and also benefitting by using his/her services to merge the application with the infrastructure. (Motahari-Nezhad, Stephenson, Singhal, 2009) Werner Vogels, CTO of Amazon.com has quoted â€Å" if you run your services inside the company, utilization becomes an issue. It amortizes your cost over number of cycles. If you run services outside, on a public service, it is no longer an issue for you†. (Mache, 2009, p.55) This could be supplemented by Guy Rosen, CEO of Vircado. A starter firm in cloud computing, according to him Cloud computing can benefit a organization in many ways: 1)The company does not have to pay anything upfront, instead they are billed only for the services they use. This is a huge advantage of small organizations which have budget constraints and cannot afford large payments initially. Even in the annual balance sheet there would be no assets to declare, that could be a huge relief to accounting department. 2)Secondly if you don’t own huge infrastructure, the cost of maintaining it also comes down. There could be marginal savings in electricity which can be a significant factor in budgetory expense. 3)If the company recieves cloud services, they don’t have to worry about recruiting and maintaining IT personnel, they can concentrate on their core business goals without worrying about constructing server rooms, purchasing expensive software and maintainence contracts. (Rosen, 2010) Companies don’t have to worry about traffic or bandwidth, they even don’t have to worry about advertising on the internet by developing their web application inhouse. They can take help of SaaS and once deployed in the cloud they can wait till the time customers start hitting the webpage. Till then all the resources are not optimally utilized thus they have to pay only for that actual utilization. In a recent survey by Guy Rosen, he used market analytics vendor Quantcast to get the list of companies using cloud and their service provider. The results are displayed below in graphical format: Figure1. Adapted from â€Å"The business of Clouds† by G. Rosen, 2010, Crossroads 16(3), p 26. As per the graphic, Amazon EC2 is highest provider of cloud services hosting amongst sample of 500k. With more and more companies using cloud computing and the providers constantly adding services, businesses can save lot of money while the management can concentrate on achieving core goals.

Comptronix Corporation Case Study

A439: Advanced Auditing Accounting and Review Services Take Home Quiz February 6, 2008 Instructions: 1. On the Scantrom form in box labeled â€Å"Test No. † print â€Å"Review Services. † 2. Use the Scantron form to indicate your answers to the questions below. 3. Turn-in the Scantron sheet on the due date. 4. Open book, open note, online searches are all allowed. 5. NOT allowed – using other students, people or CPA exam review books. Suggestion: If you plan to take the Auditing portion of the CPA Exam â€Å"soon,† take 10 – 15 minutes to review your notes and text, and then take the quiz without notes, etc.After that if you want to do research and change answers do so, but keep track of the original answers so you can assess your knowledge level for this topic.Questions:1. Which of the following statements is correct regarding a review engagement of a nonpublic company’s financial statements performed in accordance with the Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARs)? a. An accountant must establish an understanding with the client in an engagement letter. b. An accountant must obtain an understanding of the client’s internal control when performing a review. . A review provides an accountant with a basis for expressing limited assurance on the financial statements. d. A review report contains an accountant’s opinion of the financial statements taken as a whole.2. Which of the following procedures does a CPA normally perform first in a review engagement in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARS)? a. Inquiry regarding the client’s principles and practices and the method of applying them b. Inquiry concerning the effectiveness of the client’s system of internal ontrol c. Inquiry to identify transactions between related parties and management d. Inquiry of the client’s professional advisors including bankers, insurance agents, and consultants.3. North Co. , a privately held entity, asked its tax accountant, King, a CPA in public practice, to generate North’s interim financial statements on King’s personal computer when King prepared North’s quarterly tax return. King should not submit these financial statements to North unless, as a minimum, King complies with the provisions of a. Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services. b. Statements on Standards for Unaudited Financial Services. c. Statements on Standards for Consulting Services. d. Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements.4. Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services establish standards and procedures for which of the following engagements? a. Assisting in adjusting the books of account for a partnership. b. Reviewing interim financial information required to be filed by public companies with the SEC. . Processing financial data for clients of other accounting firms. d. Compiling an individual’s personal financial statement to be used to obtain a mortgage.5. May an accountant accept an engagement to compile or review the financial statements of a not-for-profit entity if the accountant is unfamiliar with the specialized industry accounting principles but plans to obtain the required level of knowledge before compiling or reviewing the financial sta tements? a. b. c. d. Compilation No Yes No Yes Review No No Yes Yes6. In a review engagement, the accountant should establish an understanding with the entity, preferably in writing, regarding the services to be performed. the understanding should include all of the following except a a. Description of the nature and limitations of the services to be performed. b. Description of the report the accountant expects to issue. c. Provision that the engagement cannot be relied upon to disclose errors, fraud, or illegal acts. d. Provision that any errors, fraud, or illegal acts that come to the accountant’s attention need not be reported.7. Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARSs) require an accountant to report when the accountant has a. Typed client-prepared financial statements, without modification, as an accommodation to the client. b. Provided a client with a financial statement format that does not include dollar amounts to be used by the client in preparing financial statements. c. Proposed correcting journal entries to be recorded by the client that change client-prepared financial statements. d. Prepared, through the use of computer software, financial statements to be used by third parties.8. When an accountant performs more than one level of service (for example, a compilation and a review, or a compilation and an audit) concerning the financial statements of a nonpublic entity, the accountant ordinarily should issue the report that is appropriate for a. The lowest level of service rendered. b. The highest level of service rendered. c. A compilation engagement. d. A review engagement.9. An accountant should not submit unaudited financial statements to the management of a nonpublic company unless, at a minimum, the accountant a. Assists in adjusting the books of account and preparing the trial balance. b. Types or reproduces the financial statements. c. Complies with the standards applicable to compilation engagements. d. Applies analytical procedures to the financial statements.10. When engaged to compile the financial statements of a nonpublic entity, an accountant is required to possess a level of knowledge of the entity’s accounting principles and practices. This requirement most likely will include obtaining a general understanding of the a. Stated qualifications of the entity’s accounting personnel. b. Design of the entity’s internal controls that have been implemented. c. Risk factors relating to misstatements arising from illegal acts. d. Internal control awareness of the entity’s senior management.11. When compiling a nonpublic entity’s financial statements, an accountant is least likely to a. Perform analytical procedures designed to identify relationships that appear to be unusual. b. Read the compiled financial statements and consider whether they appear to include adequate disclosure. c. Omit substantially all of the disclosures required by generally ac cepted accounting principles. . Issue a compilation report on one or more, but not all, of the basic financial statements.12. Which of the following should not be included in an accountant’s standard report based upon the compilation of an entity’s financial statements? a. A statement that a compilation is limited to presenting in the form of financial statements information that is the representation of management. b. A statement that the compilation was performed in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the AICPA. c. A statement that the accountant has not audited or reviewed the statements. d. A statement that the accountant does not express an opinion but provides only negative assurance on the statements.13. How does an accountant make the following representations when issuing the standard report for the compilation of a nonpublic entity’s financial statements? The Financial Statements Have Not Been Audited a. b. c. d. Implicitly Explicitly Implicitly Explicitly The Accountant Has Compiled the Financial Statements Implicitly Explicitly Explicitly Implicitly14. When an accountant attaches a compilation report to a nonpublic entity’s financial statements that omit substantially all disclosures required by GAAP, the accountant should indicate in the compilation report that the financial statements are a. Not designed for those who are uninformed about the omitted disclosures. b. Prepared in conformity with a comprehensive basis of accounting other than GAAP. c. Not compiled in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services. d. Special-purpose financial statements that are not comparable to those of prior periods.15. Which of the following representations does an accountant make implicitly when issuing the standard report for the compilation of a nonpublic entity’s financial statements? a. The accountant is independent with respect to the entity. b. The financial statements have not been audited. c. A compilation consists principally of inquiries and analytical procedures. d. The accountant does not express any assurance on the financial statements.16. Miller, CPA, is engaged to compile the financial statements of Web Co. , a nonpublic entity, in conformity with the income tax basis of accounting. If Web’s financial statements do not disclose the basis of accounting used, Miller should a. Disclose the basis of accounting in the accountant’s compilation report. b. Clearly label each page â€Å"Distribution Restricted—Material Modifications Required. † c. Issue a special report describing the effect of in the incomplete presentation. d. Withdraw from the engagement and provide no further services to Web.17. Which of the following should be the first step in reviewing the financial statements of a nonpublic entity? a. Comparing the financial statements with statements for comparable prior periods and wi th anticipated results. . Completing a series of inquiries concerning the entity’s procedures for recording, classifying, and summarizing transactions. c. Obtaining a general understanding of the entity’s organization, its operating characteristics, and its products or services. d. Applying analytical procedures designed to identify relationships and individual items that appear to be unusual.18. In reviewing the financial statements of a nonpublic entity, an accountant is required to modify the standard review report for which of the following matters? Inability to Assess he Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud a. b. c. d. Discovery of Significant Deficiencies in the Design of the Internal Control____ Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No19. Which of the following procedures should an accountant perform during an engagement to review the financial statements of a nonpublic entity? a. Communicating control deficiencies discovered during the assessment of control risk. b. Obtaining a client representation letter from members of management. c. Sending bank confirmation letters to the entity’s financial institutions. . Examining cash disbursements in the subsequent period for unrecorded liabilities.20. Which of the following procedures is usually performed by the accountant in a review engagement of a nonpublic entity? a. Sending a letter of inquiry to the entity’s lawyer. b. Comparing the financial statements with statements for comparable prior periods. c. Confirming a significant percentage of receivables by direct communication with debtors. d. Communicating control deficiencies discovered during the consideration of internal control.21. Performing inquiry and analytical procedures is the primary basis for an accountant to issue a a. Report on compliance with requirements governing major federal assistance programs in accordance with the single Audit Act. b. Review report on prospective financial statements that present an entity†™s expected financial position, given one or more hypothetical assumptions. c. Management advisory report prepared at the request of a client’s audit committee. d. Review report on comparative financial statements for a nonpublic entity in its second year of operations.22.Financial statements of a nonpublic entity that have been reviewed by an accountant should be accompanied by a report stating that a review a. Provides only limited assurance that the financial statements are fairly presented. b. Includes examining, on a test basis, information that is the representation of management. c. Consists principally of inquiries of company personnel and analytical procedures applied to financial data. d. Does not contemplate obtaining corroborating evidential matter or applying certain other procedures ordinarily performed during an audit.23.An accountant who reviews the financial statements of a nonpublic entity should issue a report stating that a review a. Is substantially les s in scope than an audit. b. Provides negative assurance that internal control is functioning as designed. c. Provides only limited assurance that the financial statements are fairly presented. d. Is substantially more in scope than a compilation.24. An accountant’s standard report on a review of the financial statements of a nonpublic entity should state that the accountant a. Does not express an opinion or any form of limited assurance on the financial statements. . Is not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the financial statements for them to conform with GAAP. c. Obtained reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. d. Examined evidence, on a test basis, supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.25. Baker, CPA, was engaged to review the financial statements of Hall Company, a nonpublic entity. Evidence came to Baker’s attention that indicated substantial doubt as to H all’s ability to continue as a going concern.The principal conditions and events that caused the substantial doubt have been fully disclosed in the notes to Hall’s financial statements. Which of the following statements best describes Baker’s reporting responsibility concerning this matter? a. Baker is not required to modify the accountant’s review report. b. Baker is not permitted to modify the accountant’s review report. c. Baker should issue an accountant’s compilation report instead of a review report. d. Baker should express a qualified opinion in the account’s review report.26.When an auditor reports on financial statements prepared on an entity’s income tax basis, the auditor’s report should a. Disclaim an opinion on whether the statements were examined in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. b. Not express an opinion on whether the statements are presented in conformity with the comprehensive ba sis of accounting used. c. Include an explanation of how the results of operations differ from the cash receipts and disbursements basis of accounting. d. State that the basis of presentation is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than GAAP.27.An auditor’s special report on financial statements prepared in conformity with the cash basis of accounting should include a separate explanatory paragraph before the opinion paragraph that a. Justifies the reasons for departing from generally accepted accounting principles. b. States whether the financial statements are fairly presented in conformity with another comprehensive basis of accounting. c. Refers to the note to the financial statements that describes the basis of accounting. d. Explains how the results of operations differ from financial statements prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.28. Delta Life Insurance co. prepares its financial statements on an accounting basis insurance compani es use pursuant to the rules of a state insurance commission. If Wall, CPA, Delta’s auditor, discovers that the statements are not suitably titled, Wall should a. Disclose any reservations in an explanatory paragraph and qualify the opinion. b. Apply to the state insurance commission for an advisory opinion. c. Issue a special statutory basis report that clearly disclaims any opinion. d. Explain in the notes to the financial statements the terminology used.

Death Represenataion in Sylvia Plath’s Selected Poems Essay

Death Representation in Sylvia Plath’s Selected Poems Mohamed Fleih Hassan Instructor English Dept. / Abstract Death is one of the significant and recurrent themes in the poetry of Sylvia Plath. This paper aims at showing the poet’s attitudes towards death. Certain poems are selected to show the poet’s different attitudes to death: death as a rebirth or renewal, and death as an end. Most obvious factors shaped her attitudes towards death were the early death of her father that left her unsecured, and the unfaithfulness of her husband, Ted Hughes, who left her dejected and melancholic. Plath’s ‘Two views of a Cadaver Room’, ‘Sheep in Fog’, ‘A Birthday Present’, ‘Edge’, and ‘I Am Vertical’ are selected to outline her various perspectives towards death. Death Representation in Sylvia Plath’s Selected Poems Generally speaking, death is represented in literature in various ways shifting from being an ominous terrifying force to a means of fulfillment and new beginnings. Death came to be a recurrent theme in Sylvia Plath’s poetry due to the sudden death of her father. His death left the daughter with powerful feelings of defeat, resentment, grief and remorse. So the absence of the father had influenced her emotional life negatively to the extent that it is reflected clearly in her poems. Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) passed in periods of depression and there were precursors of suicidal act through fits of breakdown. Among the reasons for her early depression are the early death of her father that left her unsecured and her failure to attend a writing class at Harvard. Though she got a chair as a college guest-editor of the Mademoiselle, but she got monotonous with nothing to fall back on in New York. She broke down with the unfulfillment of her dream of being a successful writer. Therefore, she took an over-dose of sleeping-pills to end her misery, but she was saved. 1 After successful psychiatric sessions of recovery, Plath met Ted Hughes at Cambridge and they got married in 1956. She found in him a motive and substitute for the absence of the father. Hughes believed in her exceptional gift. In that period, the couple got success and fame with their poetic development, especially when they got children. Her poems had been published in Britain and America like, The Colossus 1960, which dealt with Plath’s preoccupation with ideas of death and rebirth. Hughes’ love affair with another woman broke the heart of Plath, who suffered the devastation of the broken marriage. Shifting into a new flat in London, she started writing poems of rage, despair, love and vengeance but her poems were slowly accepted for publication. She suffered the traumatic breakdown and melancholia that she put her head in the oven in 11 April, 1963. 2 Death came to be a recurrent theme in the poetry of Sylvia Plath, and this theme has been represented in different ways in her poems. She did engage the reader either in a personal or an impersonal way to view death either as a liberating force or troubling depressing experience. Her depiction of death is reflected by the use of such techniques as imagery, language, structure, and tone. Her negative attitude towards death is caused by the early death of her father that left her dejected. In her poem ‘Two views of a Cadaver Room’ (1959), she presents a pessimistic point of view towards death. This poem recounts an experience she had while dating a young Harvard medical student. She followed her boyfriend and some other medical students into an operating room where the students were busily dissecting a preserved corpse. The speaker and her boyfriend are horrified by the experience, the narrator offers two views of the cadaver room as alternate possibilities of depicting death in art; the physical view of death and the romantic view of death. One view is epitomized by the cadaver room contrasting the romantic one of death, which is represented by a detail from a Brueghel painting depicting two lovers, who are spell bounded by one another and careless to the destruction and devastation around them. The poem is written in two parts. The first part creates a futile setting in which things are described in a ‘dissecting room’, which suggests a mood of despondency. She did so by the use of wastelandish simile through comparing cadaver with ‘burnt turkey’: The day she visited the dissecting room They had four men laid out, black as burnt t urkey, Already half unstrung. (II. 1-3) The place ‘dissecting room’ suggests mercilessness and dehumanization. The dead bodies are anatomized and bones are removed which suggest a horrible image. The poetess compares death with the dissector, in which it takes off the spirit out of the body as did the doctor in dissecting the major constituents of bodies. Death here represents a terrifying force that annihilates man’s life. The dissecting room serves as the epitome of scientific space, which is to say death’s space. And this is the space not only of female witnessing and female passivity, ‘she could scarcely make out anything/ In that rubble of skull plates and old leather’, but also of a bestowal from male to female, from male scientist to female poet. The process of dissecting the dead body indicates the savageness and carelessness of the surgeon, who cuts out the heart; the symbol of man’s life and feelings. The surgeon is associated with death in the sense that he extracts the heart of the body, ‘He hands her the cut-out heart like a cracked heirloom. ‘ The simile presents a very useless pessimistic image for the heart. The heart is not only reduced to a non-functioning machine, but a man hands death to a woman. The heart is the dearest to man and is compared to the heirloom which contains the memory of the dead, but it is uprooted maliciously. Death came to be an unavoidable inheritance. 4 In many of her poems, what Plath perceives is a death-figure which threatens to swallow her up unless she can reassert her living identity by â€Å"fixing† and thus immobilizing her enemy in a structured poetic image. Plath transforms death by assuming the role of a photo-journalist who observes the details in a way as to control the scene with the transforming power of language. She follows the technique of fusing various visual images in a meaningful way. Therefore, she transcends the literal immediacy of what she sees and creates order out of chaos. The second part paradoxes the first in showing a couple who are ignorant of the horrors of death. Their ignorance of the shadow of death around them intensifies their tragic catastrophic end: Two people only are blind to the carrion army: He, afloat in the sea of her blue satin Skirts, sings in the direction Of her bare shoulder, while she bends, Fingering a leaflet of music, over h im, Both of them deaf to the fiddle in the hands Of the death’s-head shadowing their song. (II. 13-19) Plath thinks that the second view was untenable. Confronting the literal physicality of death (as the narrator does in the first stanza), and ignoring that reality (as the lovers do in the Brueghel painting) seem hopelessly romantic and naive. The only way to relinquish the painful awareness of impending death is by relinquishing life itself. Plath committed suicide in her flat moving herself and her work into the domain of myth and psycho-mystical speculation. The second view of death is the bestowal of death that is interrupted by art. Paradoxically, this interruption of death by art is itself a kind of death, a freezing of life. The poem surveys with an eye which is blind and an ear which is deaf. If the lovers’ blindness and deafness to death’s music permits them to ‘flourish’, then this flourishing is ‘not for long’. Paradoxically, the work of art saves from death by paralyzing or fixing the living in an absolute present, which is to say a perfected present, but without future: This stalling of death’s triumph by art, this resistance of art to death, is itself a kind of death, since it reminds us that those lovers captured in art’s absolute present can do nothing at all. Just as there are two kinds of music here – the death’s-head’s and the lovers’ – so art is not placed in any simple opposition to death. 6 There are two kinds of death: on the one hand, death as process, as rebirth or renewal, as imaginary; and, on the other hand, death as end, as factuality. Plath rides into death in ‘Sheep in Fog’ (1963) but death is no longer conceived as renewal. The objective in ‘Sheep in Fog’ becomes the ‘dark water’: They threaten To let me through to a heaven Starless and fatherless, a dark water. (II. 13-15) The sense of dissolution is overpowering in this poem through thee description of the background of the poem. Each line and each stanza of the poem concerns the disappearance of something. ‘hills step off into whiteness’, ‘Morning has been blackening’ and the starless heaven leave her dejected and wretched. 7 ‘Sheep in Fog’ suggests that there is a radical sundering of poet and poetry, a death of the poet that is the life of the poetry, if only as that which is in mourning for the poet. The impersonality of Plath’s later poetry is not arrived at through an ethical self-sacrifice of the poet’s empirical, autobiographical self in the interests of a universal validity, a kind of immortality or proof against death. Rather, it is an impersonality in which there is a highly paradoxical and unstable relation between poet and poetry. 8 ‘A Birthday Present’ (1962) is another dramatic monologue in which terror and death predominate. The persona longs to know the gift presented by his friend. The speaker, her friend, and the object â€Å"talk† to each other in the kitchen. She imagines that the present may be ‘bones’, ‘a pearl button’, and ‘an ivory tusk’. Each of these things has white colour and suggests the nature of the birthday present that she wants. The three white objects—bones, pearl, and ivory tusk—all suggest death because they were once part of living organisms. The persona speaks of the veils around the present. In order to remove the concealing veil, which causes her anxiety and fear, the speaker demands an end to the screening off of death from view. She compares her life at the end of the poem to the arrival by mail of parts of her own corpse. At the end, the speaker demands as her birthday present not the previously mentioned symbols of death or the figure representing death, but death itself: 9 If it were death I would admire the deep gravity of it, its timeless eyes. I would know you were serious. There would be a nobility then, there would be a birthday. And the knife not carve, but enter Pure and clean as the cry of a baby, And the universe slide from my side. (II. 52-58) The poem dramatizes her birthday to be her death. The drama of ‘A Birthday Present’ is frightening in its transformation of a domestic and happy occasion into a celebration of suicide. It captures the movement of the speaker’s mind as she throws herself into the sequence of steps that might lead her to kill herself. Plath’s second perspective towards death is that it may be chosen by the individual himself as a means of self-destruction, rather than acting as a horrible exterminating force. The poetess aims to show the suffering and agony of the persona in selecting death as a means of liberation of the antagonistic world of the person. This perspective is reflected in Plath’s ‘Edge’, which was written on 5 February 1963 and is thought to be Plath’s last poem. According to Seamus Heaney, one of the biographers of Plath, the poem was a suicide note, which is to say an entirely personal, autobiographical communication from a distressed melancholic woman. For this reason, the poem is limited by the literal death of the poet, a death that cannot help but be read back into the poem. 10 This death is a negativity that renews, and works within an economy of life. This is not just an imaginary death, but death as a figure for the imagination itself, as a negativity that may be harnessed in the interests of life. This poem carries the reader not only to the very limit of life, but also to the limit of poetry. And yet, if in this poem the woman is ‘perfected’, it is through a death that takes the form of an aesthetic object, but in which the emphasis none the less falls very much on illusion. The speaker in this poem doesn’t endure the anguish of his life and feels that his misery is over: The illusion of a Greek necessity Flows in the scrolls of her toga Her bare Feet seem to be saying: We have come so far, it is over. (II. 4-8) The bare feet symbolize the lack of protection and immunity. The tone looks submissive but it indicates the willingness to accept death as an outlet and escape of the aggressive world. The persona feels alienated in the world around him. No one cares for the persona’s death even the moon, ‘The moon has nothing to be sad about/ Staring from her hood of bone. Therefore, she starts looking for something beyond death, which is the longing for perfection. Usually roses symbolize purity, so she compares her folding of the dead bodies of children as petals of a rose close. Therefore she thinks that through death, she will have a new beginning. 11 Death as a means of rebirth is reflected in Plath’s ‘I Am Vertical’. She sets images taken from nature as a background of her poem. This use of nature as a setting for her poem shows death not as a horrible monstrous thing. She presented two fruitful lively images of nature and then she negates her alikeness to them: I am not a tree with my root in the spoil Sucking up minerals and motherly love So that each March I may gleam into leaf, Nor am I the beauty of a garden bed Attracting my share of Ahs and spectacularly painted, Unknowing I must soon unpetal. (II. 2-7) The persona feels rejection of the surroundings when ‘the trees and flowers have been strewing their cool odours. I walk among them, but none of them are noticing. ‘ This represents the negligence of society and the social restraints that the individual feels. ‘each March I may gleam into leaf’ suggests the continuity of life and regeneration. She is longing to be united with nature via death; the nature that symbolizes serenity and tranquility, ‘Then the sky and I are in open conversation’. The word ‘sky’ gives death the sense of spirituality and elevation. The speaker is not satisfied in her life and she accepts death as a means for recognition: And I shall be useful when I lie down finally: Then the trees may touch me for once, and the flowers have time for me. (II. 19-20) Plath’s life is ended in a world of death and despondency from which there is no rebirth or transformation.

Video review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Video review - Essay Example Organization culture is also aligned in respect to the set goals. Organization structure is aligned in respect to the goals with each department working to achieve the set goal in order to achieve the overall organizational goals (CEB 1). As stated by the speaker, the four critical trends which should be responded to are complex new work environment, the changing work force demographic, the management of talent in respect to the business management and the talents strained by the new realities (CEB 1). The four generation of people explained by the speaker include the individual who work through others, individuals who need close supervision in order to work, talented people but placed in wrong working department and those in need of training in order to perform. All those generation must be managed properly for business progress. The HR should not dismiss individuals who do not deliver but they should be trained and monitor them to identify their talent and fix them in the right department (CEB 1). One significant reality strained by employees in workplace is changing to new work environment. In many cases employees change demographic or places of work in which they experience new rules. Employees moved from one organization to another and strain in adopting the new terms and goal (CEB 1). The five big steps explained by the speaker which companies need to take to drive better talents for good business outcomes are looking back for performance, organizing human resources through performance, moving to new view, redefining means of measuring success and driving any new move through application and not theories (CEB 1). The implications of the human resource function in an organization are network performance, high performance talent, achieving breakthrough performance after application of network performance, team work and process design. The human resource leadership must carry out different

Cultural differences dictated by differences in foods consumed affect Research Paper

Cultural differences dictated by differences in foods consumed affect the diabetes prevalence rates - Research Paper Example Exposure to these foods over a long period of time exposes them to different types of diabetes. Other cultures have gone a step further and modified their foods to meet different tastes and references. The modified foods may also contain high levels of sugar. A high level of sugar in food translates to diabetes when a person becomes overweight or develops high blood sugar. It is important to note that eating foods containing high levels of sugar does not necessarily mean that a person is exposed to diabetes. Some cultures also consume food which is high in calories which eventually leads to weight gain. Lack of exercise to burn out the excess calories contributes to diabetes. Diabetes related problems also bring about visual complications. If untreated, visual complications cause blindness. This situation is also influenced by the different types of foods consumed (AHRQ 1). Some cultural diets are known to contain too much syrup, other contain too much carbohydrates and many other types of foods that contain sugar. Different cultures also have different eating patterns and lifestyle that exposes them to diabetes. When treating patient with diabetes, doctors always consider the traditional diet of the patient. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Diabetes Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities. U.S Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2001. Retrieved from

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully Research Proposal

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully - Research Proposal Example Regulations and common sense both mandate that each aircraft be the subject of a fully documented maintenance protocol towards ensuring the airworthiness and serviceability of the aircraft. Routine preventive maintenance, although well within the purview of common sense, is not a required part of the maintenance protocol. Within the aircraft maintenance protocol, each aircraft and the work required for its service is regarded as an individual project. The reality of aircraft maintenance project management (AMPM) is that several overlapping projects must be managed simultaneously. This presents major obstacles and difficulties for the aircraft maintenance organization in terms of resource management and utilization, budgetary constraints, priority conflicts and lead-time fulfillment. These considerations are compounded by several factors. Greater demands are being placed on aircraft as the number of passenger miles being flown trends upward over time. The number of aircraft being flown also trends upward but at a disproportionate rate. More importantly for the proposed research, the number of aviation maintenance technicians in the industry trends upward at a much lower rate, suggesting that the workload placed on maintenance technicians per capita is becoming ever greater. Air Transport Association o f America statistics for the 12-year period from 1983 to 1995 gives these increases as 187%, 70% and 27% respectively, supporting the ‘work overload’ factor of AMPM. Baron (2009) discusses at some length untoward events that can be attributed directly to the effects of fatigue experienced by aircraft maintenance personnel, and so to the project management practices of their working environments. It is important to note the finding recounted by Baron from a study conducted by Johnson et al in 2002. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, those authors discerned that in general, AMTs and AMEs working in aircraft maintenance services were

Health sciences and medicine Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health sciences and medicine - Case Study Example The initial lab evaluation entails the testing of the BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). The test determines the volume of nitrogen in the blood that results from the by-product of urea (Desch & Motto 2007).   It establishes functioning of the kidney in the elimination urea from the blood. In a situation where the kidney is not functioning well, the blood urea nitrogen level increases. The test is beneficial since it enables the use of creatinine test to enable the finding of the Blood Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine ratio (BUN: creatinine) allowing the identification of dehydration problems in the patient. The laboratory result showed that the Blood Urea Nitrogen of the patient was 9.3 mmol/L. The result falls within the normal range that is recommended for children who are between 5 to18 mg/dL (Lehman, 2008).Haemoglobin Test      The test is usually to investigate blood conditions including anemia together with the hematocrit or complete blood count. The test is beneficial in the screeni ng, monitoring and diagnosis of diseases and conditions that impact on the red blood cells and the volume of hemoglobin in the blood. Conditions that lead to the loss or destruction of the red blood cells dues to bleeding makes the bone marrow unable to secrete new ones quickly hence leading to hemoglobin reduction and thus leading to anemia.The hemoglobin test on the patient arrived at a result of 82g/L that is low than the normal level that is between 120 to 140 g/L, hence suggesting that the patient is anemic.

Hiroshima and nagasaki bomb Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hiroshima and nagasaki bomb - Research Paper Example Waves of fire and flash burns devoured people (Richard Minear, 1990). In Hiroshima, firestorm wind made the structures burn and people highly affected. Trees got uprooted and fire debris and other remains flew here and there. Hazardous radiation added to the causalities. Immediately after the explosion temperature rose to millions of degrees and light emitted to a level exceeding the brightness of sun (Richard Minear, 1990). Deadly radioactive particles affected the people and atmosphere in such a way that it wouldn’t t be healed even after centuries. Both the cities and the neighboring areas suffered from radiation sicknesses and death for several decades. Hiroshima and Nagasaki before the bombing – brief information Hiroshima with its dense population was a city of high military importance to Japan. Almost three-fourth of the city’s population was concentrated on the densely populated well-built centre portion of the city. Having the 2nd Army headquarters and c rucial communication points, the city was a major assembling point for the troops. Hiroshima contained few large industrial plants, reinforced concrete buildings, wooden houses, wooden workshops and numerous industrial buildings (Dower, 1995). Because of the risk of earthquake majority of the houses and industrial buildings were wooden built and reinforced concrete constructions were strong. ... The major part of the population lies along the heavily build-up area which is concentrated to very few kilometers. Numerous industries that produced military equipments, war accessories, ships and other materials made Nagasaki a crucial city for Japan. Buildings, structures and houses were made of wood, with no plaster or roof tiling. Most of the industries were also houses in wooden buildings. It would be best to call Nagasaki and industrial valley with thickly populated industries and houses built close to the industrial buildings. The effects of bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki – People and economy The bombing completely paralyzed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Cities were destroyed, people were killed, affected and stranded, and environment was polluted to a level that even the future generations could not escape from the aftereffects of the bomb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The atom bomb had numerous long term effects on the health and well being of the affected people. Majority of th e people in the affected area were heavily exposed to radiation and developed different types of cancers, including leukemia. Children who were exposed to radiation became highly susceptible to cancer and other radiation sicknesses (Kodansha, 1993). Almost all living victims of the bomb were in the risk of getting myoma, cancers, hepatitis, thyroid problem, liver problem and several other health issues (Kodansha, 1993). Eyesight was affected and cataract problem was encountered by numerous survivors who were exposed to radiation (Kodansha, 1993). Apart from this, people suffered heavy loss; they lost their family members, house, property and all belongings (Lifton, 1967). This had numerous long time consequence including sufferings and pain. Orphans and elderly

The Business Stone Field's Limousine Company Essay

The Business Stone Field's Limousine Company - Essay Example Demographic analysis entails demographic data such as total population and its growth, change in employee demographics in the market etc. Operational analysis includes safeguarding continuity and company development in terms of company operations. Individual analysis focuses on looking at how well an individual doing his job and determining his capacity to do new and different tasks. It shows which employee needs training and how. Heathfield (n.d.) states a distinct method of conducting training needs assessment. Training methods can be of various kinds. For instance, reading assignments, simulations, on the job training, group discussions, lectures, demonstrations, audio visual presentations, brainstorming, oral presentations, problem solving workshops, case study, role playing, field trips and unstructured group interactions. The media included can be audio tapes, video tapes, computers, manuals, guides and the suchlike. There are certain principles that can help in employee training. For example, focusing on emotional maturity, integrity and compassion; the main of this is to develop a person on the whole, including skills and knowledge. Another principle can be to focus on learning, not training specifically. All of this would also contribute to training for learning skills or facts which would be of great benefit for the company. Written material such as case studies, manuals, guides etc with personal instruction or classroom lectures can be the basis for learning. Simply reading the texts would be really helpful in understanding them on your

Southwest Airlines selections system Case Study

Southwest Airlines selections system - Case Study Example Southwest is also the largest carrier based on scheduled domestic departures.. Yearend results for 2006 marked Southwest's 34th consecutive year of profitability. Southwest became a major airline in 1989 when it exceeded the billion-dollar revenue mark. Southwest is the United States' most successful low-fare, high frequency, point-to-point carrier(southwest.com 2007)" However, the success of the airline did not only revolve on how they deal with the customers in which majority of the businesses deems that they are the most important element of the company, South West airlines also deals with their employees which the management also deems that it is very important to give them the right compensation as the said company believes in meritocracy wherein they tend to give rewards for the employees in order for them to do more. With this, the company gives incentives and perks for the employees. With this, there are a lot of individuals who wishes to be employed in the said company. To date, the said company provides work for 33,000 total employees. Considering the fact that the company has the prestige and volume of applicants, the interesting part that one must look into and garners interest is the selection process. Of course, it is an established fact that due to the aforementioned premises, the selection process is much different from other employment method. The question, how the selection process is done in line with the standards of the company and the demand of the job without sacrificing the prestige and the name established by the company This is indeed a subject that is worth dealing with specially, the selection system of the company. The company focuses on the strength and weakness of an individual in which, this is the basis on how an employee is selected. Of course, there is an advantage for those people who can project their strength much more than their weakness in a certain job description but this kind of bearing is not the sole basis of the company in order for one to be employed in the job. There are instances that hired applicants are assessed how they can adjust their weakness into strength and how a job description could be suited in an individual's personality- even if it means that a person's weakness is the main reason of why he/she is employed. Petree (2003) further added that "Southwest philosophy is to hire for attitude and train for skill," and having a process for assessing and developing needed skills for the job is a part of the learning management strategy. "That done, we also want to focus on increasing people's strengths-not always focusing on where you may have development opportunities, but where you have strengths that we want to enhance to make you even more effective in your job" Upon analyzing the costs that the company shoulders whether direct or indirect has something to do with the operation of the company. In this case, some companies would suggests that the lesser the cost, the better and the more it would benefit the company. There are a lot of considerations that are needed in order for its impact in the company to be analyzed. In this case, one should look into a more concise and deeper perspective. This means that we should look into the price that the company should pay in order for the said system to be utilized by the company. If we are to analyze, the company

View from a Bridge - Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

View from a Bridge Arthur Miller Essay Choose a play in which there is a scene involving intense emotion. Show how the dramatist makes you aware of the intensity of the emotion in the scene and discuss the importance of the scene to the drama as a whole. In his play A View from the Bridge, Arthur Miller successfully conveys to the audience the tensions, jealousy, hostility and raw emotions between the characters in one particular scene at the end of Act 1 in his play. A View from the Bridge centres round the Carbone family who stay in Brooklyn New York, Eddie the head of the family is an ordinary man part of the local Italian community who is master in his own house. Eddie believes that it is a mans place to look after and protect his family and as head of the household he is used to laying down the rules. Eddie and his wife Beatrice take on the responsibility of looking after Eddies late sisters daughter Catherine who Eddie brings up as if she was his own but it soon becomes clear that Eddies feelings are deeper than those of a protective uncle, he is in love with his niece. The arrival of two of his wifes relatives from Italy, Marco and Rodolpho is at first welcomed by Eddie, he is happy to hide the illegal immigrants. However when Rodolpho starts to show an interest in Catherine, Eddie becomes increasingly jealous and hostile towards both men, in particular Rodolpho, but he bottles up his feelings. At the end of the first Act things come to a head and his jealousy, hostility and obsession with Catherine is made obvious when he finally realises that his efforts to stop Catherine and Rodolpho marrying are going nowhere. Eddie resorts to violence under the pretence of teaching Rodolpho to box merely as an excuse to hit him. Forced to watch Catherine and Rodolpho getting close as they dance together Eddies sarcastic comments about Rodolphos manliness clearly show his hostility to Rodolpho He sings, he cooks, he could make dresses I cant cook, I cant sing, I cant make dresses, so Im on the water front. But if I could cook, if I could sing, if I could make dresses, I wouldnt be on the water front. The stage direction tells us that Eddie has been unconsciously twisting the newspaper he is tense, like a spring waiting to uncoil and this finally happens and things are brought to a head when he offers to teach Rodolpho to box and what starts out as a seemingly harmless sparring session leads to Eddie hitting his opponent with needless force a fact which is noticed by everybody in the room. Marco rises from his seat and Catherine quickly rushes to Rodolphos side Eddie aware that he has taken things a step to far and tries to cover his tracks by saying that he punched too hard by accident I didnt hurt him. Did I hurt you, kid? However Eddie has overstepped the mark and in an attempt to humiliate Rodolpho he angers Marco who is careful not to verbally threaten his host, actions speak louder than words. Marco challenges Eddie to lift a chair when it is in a certain position but Eddie fails the challenge. Marco then successfully lifts the chair above his head powering over a frightened Eddie. The stage directions describe Marco as He kneels, grasps and with strain slowly raises the chair higher and higher, getting to his feet they go on to describe how Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head-and he transforms what might appear to be a glare of warning into a smile of triumph Marco is obviously giving a warning to Eddie to not continue to mess around, and make fun of his brother by showing him the danger he invites. The audience can tell at once that this is a very dramatic point in the play; Catherine and Rodolpho who have resumed dancing immediately stop. The stage direction Rodolpho and Catherine have stopped dancing in the middle of this hostile situation shows that they are aware that Marco has also taken things a little too far. Miller also describes Eddie when Marco is glaring at him His grin vanishes as he absorbs his look this action by Eddie clearly shown both Marco and the audience that Marco has achieved what he set out to do, give Eddie a warning and this is highlighted by the fact that as soon as Eddies expression turns to one of fear Marco looks at him and his own expression changes into a victorious smile. The feelings revealed in this act of the play an important part in the relationships between the characters in the remainder of the play. The hostility and anger felt by Eddie magnifies. Eddies obsession with his niece finally leads him to hit Rodolpho when he becomes aware that the two have slept together. In the end Catherine finally decides to marry Rodolpho and Eddie decides that he has no choice but to inform the Immigration Bureau that he has been hiding two illegal immigrants. Eddie takes this action despite earlier comments that Its an honour to give the men refuge. In breaking his code of honour Eddie loses everything the respect of his neighbours, his friends and his family and in the final scenes of the play he comes head to head with and angry and betrayed Marco, cowardly brandishing a knife Eddie attacks Marco but in self defence Marco turns the knife on Eddie fatally stabbing him. Arthur Miller cleverly sets the tone of the play during the hostile scene in Act 1. The domestic harmony that exists at the start disappears and the audience learns quickly about Eddies obsession and his obvious frustration and anger towards his nieces admirer. Miller uses stage direction to show the audience the true extent of the raw emotions felt by the characters and to show the drama and crisis which finally climaxes in the death of the main character. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Pardon sought for champion Jack Johnson Essay Example for Free

Pardon sought for champion Jack Johnson Essay According to newspaper reports this week, Sen. John McCain, the former Republican candidate for president, has introduced a resolution to Congress urging President Barack Obama to pardon Jack Johnson for his conviction of an alleged violation of the Mann Act ninety six years ago. (UPI) The resolution, originally presented to the Congress of George W. Bush in September, 2008 states in part, that Johnson was wronged by a racially motivated conviction prompted by his success in the boxing ring and his relationships with white women. (API) In 1904 Jack Johnson became the first African American heavy weight champion. At a time when black men were being lynched, beaten and burned for daring to look a white man in the eye, Jack Johnson was beating them viciously in the boxing ring while taunting the on-looking crowd of whites that screamed for his defeat. Jack London, a popular American author of the time, (who had an ex-slave as a major maternal influence in his life) railed against the black pugilist, writing essays pleading for ‘some white man, any white man, to knock Johnson’s block off’. (Starnes) When white America could not come up with a â€Å"Great White Hope† to defeat Johnson they chose to defeat Jack in the only way they could – through a federal law created to protect against transporting white females across state lines for the purpose of prostitution. (Mann) Prosecutors used this law despite the fact its original purpose was the prevention of non-consensual sexual abuse (e. g. , prostitution) of white females. Jack Johnson married the woman he allegedly transported across state lines for ‘immoral purposes’. When she would not testify against him, a former lover chose to cooperate with federal prosecutors. Jack Johnson fled the United States to avoid incarceration but returned in 1920 and served one year and one day in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary. While there were anti-miscegenation laws in America beginning in the late 17th century, which persisted until 1967, all such laws were local and not federal so prosecutors used the Mann Act to accuse, try, and convict Jack Johnson. Irony is one of the greatest factors of life for African Americans: no law ever protected black women from being transported across state lines for ‘immoral purposes’. While marriage between black and white was illegal in most states until 1967, no laws prohibited the rape of black women by white males. Once the importation of slaves was illegal, slavery was sustained, in part, by the sexual relationships between both white men and women and black slaves. The children that resulted were most often slaves. These offspring usually added to the labor force on southern plantations. Much of America’s history has involved denying the most basic right – to love another human being to its African American citizens. Irony is at its peak when the federal conviction of a black man, for having sex with a white woman, should wind up on the desk of another black man who is the offspring of a black man and white woman! Bibliography Pardon sought for champion Jack Johnson United Press, â€Å"Pardon sought for champion Jack Johnson†, Sports http://www. upi. com, (22/4/2009), Associated Press â€Å"Congress Seeks Pardon For Boxing Champ†, http://www. cbsnews. com (9/26/2008)

Reasons For Dominance Of One Party Rule Politics Essay

Reasons For Dominance Of One Party Rule Politics Essay Various authors and political analysts have criticized the one-party-system in Africa and its impact on democracy and development of the dark continent. There have been debates over the past as to whether single-state party system is the way to go for Africa, with civil societies, international organizations and local African scholars deeming the practice as barbaric, undemocratic and a system that will destroy Africa. There are several reasons why the one-party rule tendency was dominant among African countries. Consolidation among ethnicities Many African countries have experienced serious threats to their national cohesion, post-independence and ethnic clashes caused by internal disputes regarding imperative resources like land, minerals, water and power. After gaining independence, most African countries transpired into the single-party system, argued as the ideal way to bring the people together before engaging in power struggles brought about by multi-partism. Aknirade.S (2000) claims that the one-party system ensured stability within a democracy.She asserts that multi-partism and democratization is accompanied by struggle for power and division in the people among political partys lines. The jostle for the limited power will cause upheaval in the national cohesion. A single-party system ensures consolidation in the political arena and ensures that conflicts and chaos which could lead to war and mass destruction are avoided. She argues that former Tanzanian President Nyereres move to adopt single-party system was a mo ve, meant to solve the tension existing between tribes as a result of social divisions, but misinterpreted as a move out of ignorance. She further adds that the African states were observing and following suit of the European systems of governance, where legitimacy of the state was ensured before allowing competitive parties to play part. Elite fragmentation in the governance is according to her, a major cause of disruption among African states. Wars, chaos and violence A single-state system appeals unity, strength and brings about communalism and multi-party systems will bring about division among ethnic groups and economic disintegration of certain areas in a country according to many African leaders Another argument why the single-party system is suitable for the African people is the disputes brought about by elections. As trivial as it may seem, African economies have been marred with problems arising from poll violence. This is an outcome related to multi-partism where political leaders break the rules of the game to ensure a win driven by self-aggrandizement, and greed for power. It has been reported in very few cases where political leaders accept defeat during election and inciting their supporters to act. Hameso.S (2002) critiques the attitude among African leaders claiming that when changes seem eminent, political protagonists refuse to accept the outcome as fair. A recent case involved Kenya during the 2007-2008 elections, where alleged rigging caused tribes to kill other tribes. The post election violence was caused simply because the politics were tribal based. Two major tribes had their candidates as the major runners, and when one was defeated, the losing contender cried foul sparking up ethnic wars among different tribes in the country. The result was the death of thousands the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people (BBC April 13, 2008). These Kenyans claimed to kill in the name of democracy, the same democracy brought about by multi-partism.The situation was ironically solved by the power-sharing agreement between the two main candidates, insinuating a thirst for power among the leaders, a case also observed in Zimbabwe,2008(Peta.B February 4,2009). The political problem in this case is deeply rooted in the minds of Kenyans, which runs deep along tribal lines, and how to change the perception of the people is still a hard task, and its indeed a sad case. This is blamed on the exemption of some tribes in the nation building so competitive politics is definitely ethnic based. Another unfortunate incident brought about by the struggle for power in multi-party states was the arrests and unrests in Senegal in 1988, where riots and chaos erupted after Abdou Diof was re-elected as President (Brooke.J March 6, 1988).Some people argue that the only way such problems can be avoided is by reverting to the good old system of single-party rule. Illiteracy and ignorance among Africans Otite.J (September 2009) states that there exists a positive correlation between education and peace. In a continent where the literacy and comprehension level is high, then democracy is exercised better and the people know the need to decentralize power in the government and advocate peacefully for that move. When a large population of a country is illiterate, the people are unaware of what rights are entitled to them and are taken advantage of, by the corrupt and selfish leaders who can destroy the country beyond repair. The case was so during the single-party ruling system and Africans did not know about the good governance of a country and believed what their leaders conveyed to them. Democracy according to some leaders is an alien concept, derived from the West, and that illiteracy and a miniscule middle class will make it impossible in Africa .The context of that statement is true to some extent. Africa has the highest percentage of illiteracy in the world and percentage was higher in the post-colonialism days African intellectuals however dismiss the above comment of illiteracy by saying such skepticism, is a major cause of the downfall and through empowerment and knowledge, the situation can be changed. A Guinean journalist, Siradiou Diallo disagrees and is quoted to say that These are only politicians formulas and slogans designed to abuse and dupe public opinion. The question as to whether Africans can overcome this illiteracy and take control of their own destiny is doubted when the development is slow-paced and the educational, political and economic situation is terrible compared to the other continents. (Brooke .J March 6, 1988) The lack of democratic thinking ways in Africans has encouraged manipulation and exploitation by these leaders who managed to convince the people that single-party rule was the ideal system of rule. Fragile media and a deceptive civil society The medias role in promoting democracy and transparency in issues governing a country is indisputably important in every society. The press has a right and the freedom to articulately inform the public about the happenings, regarding national issues and also inform the public about their democratic rights. They have the power to reveal atrocities and misuse of power being conducted by any government body regardless of status and position. Basically the medias role is to inform, educate and empower the people. Through the media, people are well-versed on certain happenings and can call for action to change the situation. These media privileges definitely clash, with any government that has a single-party system because democracy is limited to some extent. In those post-colonial times, the existing media was inactive and in some countries non-existent. The existing media houses were government owned and controlled and any information that portrayed the government in any negative way was discarded. Harsh legal laws were in place to deal with the perpetrators and discourage any form of unauthorized reporting. Sadly in the present day, some media houses are still controlled by the government. The media according to Hameso.S (2002) had to operate under strict controls placed by the single-party states. The media was also monopolized with one broadcast house available in most countries e.g. in Kenya, Voice of Kenya was a government owned and controlled broadcasting house. The adversial relationship between the media and the government can be traced back to the dictatorship rules after colonialism, where media was stifled and media people tortured and jailed for oppressing the government. The information had to be approved by the government, before being conveyed to the people, undermining the basic function of media i.e. democratizing communication. Therefore the African people lacked a channel through which they could air their grievances and the acts of government were kept secret and out of the open. Another significant contributor to the system was the illusive civil society. It is common to find lobby groups in any country fighting for human rights and good governance. Civil societies did exist back then but their impact was not felt like the medias. Hameso.S (2002) argues that civil societies are perceived to be the groups distinct from the state yet they interact with the state and influence the state. He views association as the thin line between being independent and involved with the state. The civil societies are supposed to fight for the rights of the common good, yet during despotic rules, most civil societies were accused of being absorbed into the selfish needs of the government. The descent and composition of these groups was first of all ambivalent, with the question on, who represented these groups, being raised. These civil societies dealt with complex issues regarding governance and with most of Africas population being illiterate, eyebrows were raised on whether the societies actually represented the issues of the common good or if their interests were based on the elite few, or if they were being driven by the one-party governments (Hameso.S,2002). These civil societies and media are supposed to act as watchdogs to the government and play a significant role in bringing about democracy. The lack of power and manipulation by the governments of these groups during post-colonial times provided the opportunity for the communist leaders to establish the single-party states without external pressure. The value dilemma According to Hameso.S (2002) the single-party system was further fueled by the notion that conformance of the western values and systems including the multi-party system was unorthodox and objectionable. Adoption of the system would lead to weakening of community ties and bring about confusion of interests among Africans. Africans believed that the adoption of the multi-party system would show that they did not believe in their own values, beliefs and opinions and instead chose to blindly follow the traditions of the West, who had earlier on robbed them of their national pride during colonial times and oppressed them for decades. It was feared that the imposition of Western-Style ruling, anomalies would occur including conflicts. The consequences are further proved after the adoption of multi-partism, where leaders call for a return to the single-party states, wherever violence occurs, and blaming multipartism as the focal cause for power struggles. Poor governance When the colonialists left, African states were left in weak conditions, with the power to rule left in the hands of a few who had learnt from the colonialists. Even these few individuals did not have the proper tools and skills to govern a nation and lacked knowledge on how to institutionalize and consolidate the pre-existing national institutions. The leaders did not have an idea on how to allow fragmentation of other independent parties and maintain the political balance and economic stability as well. This responsibility was hard since the people expected change .The governments were not properly institutionalized with the African leaders constantly seeking help from other Western countries in terms of aid, economic and political advice.Stambuli.K.P (2002) described this as a post-colonial African design of government who used democracy as an excuse to employ the same divide and rule policy that the colonial powers used. They tightened their grip around power and filled the Afric an people with false hope and mediocre ideologies of transforming the countries. The leaders postured themselves as powerhouses, with no opposition or an enlightened nation to oppose them, ensuring their tyrannical rules subsisted for decades. Power transition. The challenges involved in transitioning a single-party state to a multi-party one, encourage the people to maintain the existing conditions. The frail economics and fear of uprisings is also another validation to the previous dominance of these systems of governance. Transfer of power in many states brought about violence and this discouraged the people to challenge the ruling parties fearing the situation would get worse and could paralyze development completely. According to Aringo.P.O (October, 2004) says the transition in some countries e.g. Kenya was faced with oppression with the opposition parties being treated as enemies. It is a common trend where the opposition party members are arrested and implicated with crimes they didnt even commit as a way of silencing them. Cases of alleged murders of key front members of opposition members were not unheard of, and people were not willing to risk their lives in the name of democracy.Assasinations and ethnic genocides were crimes com mitted just to stifle the other side. Leaders disregarded the opposition parties in broad daylight, for example in Kenya, President Kenyatta referred to the opposition party members as snakes. Why the single party system failed It is obvious that a revolution has taken place over the past half-century with only Eritrea existing as a single-state party. The political metamorphosis has led to the existence of opposition parties in many countries, and some have even taken over, the preceding single-state parties. Neuberger.B (n.d) argues that the system is not the solution for African countries because a partys long term stay in power does not necessarily amount to success. He claims that parties in some African countries have been in power for decades yet their portfolios have no significant improvement, to prove their long stay and service to the people. He claims that cruel, selfish minded regimes have survived for decades and in some cases some regimes keen on change and reforms have been overthrown within a short time of their ruling, hinting the fact that maybe people are susceptible to change and do not want to change the status-quo, in fear of worse future repercussions .He suggests three criteria that can be used to determine if one-party states are necessary in the African continent;stability,economic development and nation-building, with regard to factors of democracy and human rights. Neuberger.B (n.d) seeks to establish if the existence of a single-party state affects the performance of the nation, by challenging the people to use the three criteria to rate their countrys development, and hints that very few countries could meet the requirements of the named criteria. Chief Emeka Anyaoku, a former Secretary General of the Commonwealth is a great strong critic of the single-party state, claims that the former governing system is the root cause of all troubles facing the continent. He attributes all the developmental problems being faced as consequences of the rulings in the post-independence era, characterized by single-party systems. He is quoted to say that Nothing has done more to destroy Africa ,than one party rule and military dictatorship(Ghana News Agency November 10,2007).He claims the military coups brought about by the single party governments, not only caused the democratic destruction of the African people but caused economic downfalls in the then sensitive growing economy. He further claims that single-state parties curtailed the efforts of productivity and development that enabled a golden age of sycophancy, and resulted in a one-man rule and bred mediocrity (GNA November 10, 2007) He says that the prime cause of all these problems was as a result of these systems that brought about corruption, oppression and ethnicity tension between tribes and nations, leading to wars. He further adds that these financial problems led to the dependency of foreign aid, like a drug, and brought about massive economical problems that will take years to solve, claiming that the greatest regret is not that the problem was brought about by non-Africans, but was self-imposed. The downfall of the single-party system can be attributed to certain things. Gentili.M.A (2005) presented a report at a global forum in Seoul and claimed that one of the contributing factors to the failure of the single-party system was the economic liberalisation of the 80s.The governments had failed to deliver what they had promised and the common people felt betrayed, leading to political democratization. The people felt that through competitive politics and opposing parties, the government would feel pressured to perform. By the end of the 80s structural adjustment in the economies was prevalent, and the interference and control of the single-party government was noted as a root cause of the economic challenges being faced. This was a crucial field and Africans felt the need to protect their own futures by developing their countries through economic stabilization and privatisation.This could only be done through abolishing the system and so began the democratization process. This progression was characterized by establishment of new-fangled norms and poli cies, institution building and good governance. The existence of multi-partism was the first step towards achieving these developmental goals, through free and fair elections and promotion of the media and civil societies as watchdogs. Another reason leading to the failure of the one-party rule was the failure of political and socio-economic development ,and a good example is Ghana which was the first African country to gain independence in 1957.Mariam.A (January 25, 2010)verifies that President Kwame Nkrumah established a one-party system rule adopting socialist ideologies. Within a year of his rule, he had already transformed himself into a power-hungry despot, by establishing a fiery rule where his actions were unopposed, conferring to himself all the powers, whether constitutional or judicial. He opposed any criticism and laid down callous labour laws, by declaring strikes illegal. He was known for making unlawful arrests for any one suspected of sedition and his irrational economic plans of the state. Ghana was at the time a large exporter of cocoa and was the most successful countries in Africa, but due to Nkrumahs power misuse, Ghanas economy failed miserably making it one of the poorest countries in the con tinent. The downhill performance of the economy prompted the coup de tat which saw him being overthrown. Countries such as Tanzania also abolished the one-party system after the repercussions impacted their economy. The Ujamaa system of collectivized farming also led to a plunge in the agriculture production in Tanzania. He also claims that the one-party system has failed miserably in increasing national unity and preventing clashes as civil wars, genocides and corruption are rampant since pre-colonial times.Mariam.A (January 25, 2010) further claims that these dictatorships are the root cause of African problems of famine, corruption, economic under-development, political unrest and over-dependence on foreign aid. He claims that the social, political and economic ills facing Africa will be solved if the people are wise enough to realize the games posed by these political leaders. He claims that the leaders re-brand themselves by joining new parties but still have the same selfish intentions. Africans must be empowered to in an open, and informed multiparty process. He claims that the argument of Africa not being tailored to handle the Western system of multi-partism as layered sophistry and paralogism of African leaders who are obviously power-hungry. Pan-Africanism and pressure from the international bodies led to the dissolution of these systems. These leaders practically, destroyed the economic status of their countries and in sought help from the international bodies such as IMF, World Bank and other organizations. Democracy was a pre-requisite to the granting of these aids to most countries, and to salvage the situation, many leaders complied with this demand. Though many economies resisted at first, the situation became worse when the aid reductions were implemented, placing these leaders in a dilemma. The donors advocated for privatization which could be better managed through a multi-party system. Stambuli.K.P (2002) in his paper claims that these auspices influenced African states to end the restrictive trade laws and motioned the process of privatization, which ultimately led to the abolishing of the one-party system. Conclusion It is clearly evident that the invasion of multi-partism has not compelled the changes that the people expected. The single party system way of operation is still being observed in many countries up to the present day. The conversion of the party systems in Africa over the years has verified beyond a shadow of doubt, that the reasons why African countries are still to revive themselves is not because of the previous non-existence of opposition parties, but within the leaders themselves. In a continent where the leaders openly commit iniquities against people and declare themselves unsurmountable, getting rid of these leaders will be the first step towards practicing democracy. The African people should be empowered and education spread to all corners of the struggling continent and help eradicate this virus of incompetent leaders that has been eating into the core of the continents own existence.

Contemporary British Culture :: essays research papers

4. What differences are there between American and British higher education and how may these be explained?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before coming to study abroad here in Manchester, I didn't realise how different the two higher education systems were. My parents used to always tell me how it was when they grew up and went to school in India, but the connection between India and England never clicked till I actually got here. The obvious difference that comes to mind is the way the two systems are funded. Another is the way a student picks his course of study. Now these two differences are ones anyone can learn about from books, but there is one huge difference that one can only experience by coming here. That is the social aspect and how diverse the university here really is compared to most in the United States. Let us explore these differences and the causes for them in more detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When picking a university to attend in the United States, tuition and room and board costs play a vital role. In most cases, the cost is what makes the final decision because out of state or private schools cost almost double to attend than instate or public schools. This decision making process would never take place here because cost is not a deciding factor. The difference lies in the way the two systems are funded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the states, government funding plays a very small role. Every student is allowed to fill out a free financial aid form where one must enclose family income, assets, number of children, cost of attending chosen school among other things that the government looks upon and determines how much money will be awarded. Basically, it's award is only need-based. The rest of the money owed can either be paid off or borrowed from the school or banks in the form of interest-cumulating loans. Now in Britain, the government provides all of tuition costs and gives out grants and loans for living expenses. Students used to just need enough money for personal expenses, but the government doesn't provide living expenses anymore so money needs to be secured for that as well by students(Ainley). The grants and loans offered here are usually interest free as well. Some of my friends tell me that their loans don't need to be paid back until they graduate and have a secure job. What are some possible reasons for this difference?

Essay --

Aaliyah Calloway Mrs. Rhodehouse AP English III, Period 5 September 12, 2013 Bibliographic Information Author: Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Born in 1896 in St. Paul, Florida Died 40 years. old from a heart attack(1940) Yale Graduate Title: based on personal experience from prior residence in Long Island Publishing City: New York City,NY Publisher: Charles Scribner DOP: 1925 Character List Nick Carraway narrator from Minnesota goes to new york to learn business bonds honest loyal neighbor of gatsby Jay Gatsby protagonist wealthy lonely born on a farm in N. Dakota in love with Daisy criminal dishonest Daisy Buchanan nick’s cousin fell in love with gatsby but married Tom beautiful social cynical superficial materialistic Tom Buchanan wealthy husband of Daisy social club member at Yale with Nick arrogant hypocritical racist sexist having an affair with Myrtle Jordan Baker Daisy’s friend Nick’s love interest competitive golfer â€Å"new woman† cynical boyish beautiful dishonest George Wilson Myrtle's husband owns a auto shop iodilize Mrytle jealous of T... ... comes to loving someone. "If it wasn't for the mist we could see your home across the bay," said Gatsby. "You always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock." Daisy put her arm through his abruptly, but he seemed absorbed in what he had just said. Possibly it had occurred to him that the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. It had seemed as close as a star to the moon. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one.†(Chapter 5) - To have someone like Gatsby to love Daisy is so sweet. He will never give up even when she’s married to Tom. His passion and desire to be loved by someone that can’t love him back is heart breaking.

Mark Twain is a Great American Author :: Biography Biographies Essays

Mark Twain is a Great American Author In the book Huck Finn, Mark Twain not only writes about the adventures of a young boy, he depicts the struggle that people had to go through in that time period. That is just one of the reasons why some people consider Mark Twain to be the greatest American author of all time. As I was reading the book Huck Finn I started to agree more with what Mencken had to say "Put him beside Emerson, or Whitman, or Hawthorne, or even Poe; he was palpably the superior of all of them". I could really relate to lots of the ideas and emotions that sprang into Tom and Huck's heads at the time. In Huck Finn, Tom gets a group of boys together to form a little club. When I was younger I would do the same thing with friends of mine. We would act out our fantasies just like Tom and Huck did in the story. All of Huck's life he was able to live it the way that he wanted, until he had to move in with Miss Watson. But as you read you find out that every minute he is away from her he is up to his old tricks again. From going out to having a smoke with Tom, or messing up his hair so he could feel at home. You can see that he is still a little boy inside who isn't ready to grow up. Tom Sawyer is one of those type of friends that everybody has, crazy enough to get everybody's attention but smart enough to know when to stop. I read some of the things that Tom had done in the book and some of the lies he would tell and I thought "man he is crazy for doing that" but as I thought about it more it seems reasonable to a kid at that age and why wouldnt he act the way he did ? Mark Twain takes a big step to the side when he writes about one of Miss Watsons slaves. Jim is a strong black slave in about his mid-twenties. As you read about Jim and see what he's had to go through you can start to Mark Twain is a Great American Author :: Biography Biographies Essays Mark Twain is a Great American Author In the book Huck Finn, Mark Twain not only writes about the adventures of a young boy, he depicts the struggle that people had to go through in that time period. That is just one of the reasons why some people consider Mark Twain to be the greatest American author of all time. As I was reading the book Huck Finn I started to agree more with what Mencken had to say "Put him beside Emerson, or Whitman, or Hawthorne, or even Poe; he was palpably the superior of all of them". I could really relate to lots of the ideas and emotions that sprang into Tom and Huck's heads at the time. In Huck Finn, Tom gets a group of boys together to form a little club. When I was younger I would do the same thing with friends of mine. We would act out our fantasies just like Tom and Huck did in the story. All of Huck's life he was able to live it the way that he wanted, until he had to move in with Miss Watson. But as you read you find out that every minute he is away from her he is up to his old tricks again. From going out to having a smoke with Tom, or messing up his hair so he could feel at home. You can see that he is still a little boy inside who isn't ready to grow up. Tom Sawyer is one of those type of friends that everybody has, crazy enough to get everybody's attention but smart enough to know when to stop. I read some of the things that Tom had done in the book and some of the lies he would tell and I thought "man he is crazy for doing that" but as I thought about it more it seems reasonable to a kid at that age and why wouldnt he act the way he did ? Mark Twain takes a big step to the side when he writes about one of Miss Watsons slaves. Jim is a strong black slave in about his mid-twenties. As you read about Jim and see what he's had to go through you can start to

Agriculture Sector

North Cachar Hills Agriculture & allied activities Agriculture, Horticulture & Marketing All the tribes living in this hill district are mainly depending on agriculture. The primitive system of Jhuming cultivation are common among all the tribes. The practice of Jhuming not only destroy the micro flora and fauna but also affect ecological balance by destroying forest. So, an attempt has been made through this scheme to replace Jhum by permanent cultivation, terrace cultivation. Moreover the Soil of this hilly region is very suitable summer as well as winter paddy. Horticulture is the main occupation in the district of N. C. Hills farmers. The altitude varies from 800meters to 1200 meters and average rainfall around 2300 mm and temperatures varies from 6 to 12 degree C in winter and 17 -33 degree C in summer. Out of total geographical area of 4888 sq. km. around 1. 88 lakh hectares is suitable for cultivation and 80% of the cultivable land is suitable for horticultural crops. Potential for horticultural development is very bright along with canning and processing industry as this district produces huge quantity of quality pineapple, oranges and ginger through purely organic method as use of agrochemicals is virtually non-existent. However, all the tribes of this hilly district are mainly dependant on destructive slash and burn method of cultivation or Jhuming and in the process forest cover has been largely denuded and ecosystem has been damaged. According to topography, rainfall and other geographical factors the district has been divided into three parts, consisting of the development blocks, 1st Part— Diyungbra ITDP and Diyung valley Block. – This particular area comprises mainly of foothill and plains is suitable for field crops such as Sugarcane, Maize, Oil seeds, paddy, pulses and tropical horticultural crops like coconut, areca nut, cashew nut, mango, mousambi, litchi etc. 2nd Part—Sangbar development block has both low altitude and high altitude areas and crops suitable are both tropical and sub tropical crops. Main cultivated crops are sugarcane, Ginger, Turmeric, Pineapple and oranges. 3rd Part —comprises mainly of Jatinga valley block and Harangajao ITDP. Major crops grown are Paddy, Oranges, Ginger, Turmeric, Girenium etc. EXISTING SCHEMES BEING PRESENTLY IMPLEMENTED Major state sector schemes that under implementation are as follows . Saturation of HYV. . Dev. of Sugarcane. . . Dev. of pulses. . Dev. of oilseed. . Farmers' Institute. . Incentive to Farmers. . Plant Protection campaign. . Bio- Fertilizer and Manures. IMPACT OF EXISTING SCHEMES. After five long decades of development efforts total area under settled cultivation has risen to around 33 thousand hectare and there has been increase in the production of food grains like paddy, oilseeds and noticeable among them are paddy, sugarcane pineapple and oranges. Vegetable cultivation has been nonexistent among tribal farmers even a few decades back but now it's getting popular. Though, area under Jhuming has not decreased, dependence on Jhuming has diminished significantly mainly due to increase in area under settled cultivation and introduction of HYV and improved and scientific farming practices. Area under horticulture and paddy has significantly and average production of paddy in the district is higher than the state average. CONSTRAINTS AND GAPS * Roads and communication is the primary hurdle in the way of agril development hampering both developmental activities in the interior villages. Adoption and use of modern farming knowledge and technology leaves much to be desired mainly due to remoteness of villages, lack of all weather roads, insurgency and the relatively backward tribal populace. *In case of field crops more than 95% area is under single cropping system due to low status of Farm mechanization, and weak agril extension system owing to communication and insurgency problems. PROPOSED INTERVENTION UNDER RSVY . Area expansion drive under Oil seeds, Pulses, Tuber crops in part -A areas is being proposed to cover an area of 1108 hectares with financial outlay of Rs. 4, 42,00,580. 00 @ Rs. 37, 843. 0 per hectare, over a period of three years. . Farmers' field level training & demonstration on appropriate technology to inculcate the theories and principles of sustainable and eco-friendly methods of permanent cultivation against the prevalent destructive jhuming practices. It is proposed to take up 75 numbers of such training and demonstration on Integrated pest management (IPM) and Integrated Nutrient Management(INM) in five Development Block areas over a period of three years with proposed allocation of Rs. 11. 2 Lakhs. @ 15,000. 00 per Trng. & Demonstration covering 40 nos. of trainee/training total beneficiary 75X40 = 3000 nos. Establishment of 60 nos. of mechanized ‘gur’ making units to be mana ged by 60 nos. of SHG already engaged in sugarcane cultivation in sugarcane belt with a financial outlay of Rs. 60 Lakhs. . Organised irrigation under govt. sector being utterly inadequate there is felt need among tribal farmers for water pumps mainly for paddy cultivation, which is the staple food of the tribes. Hence, for lift irrigation purpose it is proposed to provide 200 nos. of 5 HP diesel Pump with a financial outlay of Rs. 44. 00 lakh @ Rs. 22,000. 00 per pump and planting materials like litchi, cashew nut, banana, assam lemon, moushambi, guava and vanilla etc. ill be provided to all the farmers with an allocation of Rupees 30 lakhs for three years @ Rs. 10. 00 lakhs per year. The total subsidy up to 70% would be provided and 30% contribution would be borne by the beneficiaries. The modern technology as well as know how of cultivation and demerits of jhuming cultivation would be published in pamphlets and displayed in sign board in local languages so that all the cultivator s can understand. To increase the cropping intensity of N. C. Hills district from 107% at present to 120% over the span of next three years. Apart from traditional winter paddy and jhum paddy, spring paddy and summer paddy are proposed to be grown with the help of field irrigation with diesel pump. The diesel pump with accessories will be supplied to the beneficiaries where water source is available with 70% subsidy and the beneficiaries shall bear the cost of digging canals, other expenditure like diesel and maintenance. The diesel pump sets are proposed to be provided in the plain areas like Diyungmukh, maibang, Harangajao and Langting area. . Purchase of 200 numbers of metal food grain storage Bins with an estimated outlay of Rs. 9. 6 lakhs. IMPACT OF INTERVENTION . Increase in area and production of field crops. . Decreased dependence on destructive jhuming practices. . Improved level of Self-sufficiency in cereals, oil seeds, pulses. . Improvement of farming knowledge and farming skill of the tribal farmers. . Increase in irrigation potential and food production through power pump & power tiller apart from creation o f more than 300 direct and indirect employment avenues. . Better knowledge of eco friendly and green methods of cultivation through IPM (integrated pest management) practices. 3000 farmers will be benefited. Discouragement of jhuming, encouragement of sustainable permanent cultivation practices. Likelihood of more jhum areas to come under settled cultivation. . Introduction of scientific grain storage facility for the first time in N. C. Hills and almost 200 farmers families will be benefited . It is proposed to bring 960 ha. of land from age old destructive jhum. Abstract of all the schemes mentioned above is shown below. SL. No. NAME OF SCHEMES 1st Year TARGET 2nd. Year TARGET 3rd. Year TOTAL REMARKS COMPONENT PHY (ha) FIN(Rs .in Lakh) PHY (ha) FIN (Rs in Lakh. PHY (ha) FIN(Rs. in Lakh) PHY(ha) FIN(in Lakh) 1. Area expn. of Sugar cane at Zone I Area expansion of Potato for all three Zones. Area expansion of Mustard for Zone I, II. 200 50 70 76. 52 20. 51 6. 27 200 50 70 76. 52 20. 51 6. 27 200 50 70 76. 52 20. 51 6. 27 600 150 210 229. 56 61. 53 18. 81 Around 600 sugarcane farmers would be benefited and substantial Jhoom degraded area would be brought under Settled cultivation. 2. Gur Production unit equipped with Sugarcane Power crusher and accessories and infrastructure. 20 nos 20. 00 20 nos. 20. 00 20 nos. 20. 00 60 nos. 60. 00 60 nos. of self help group consisting of more than 10 farmers each would be engaged in productive activity and Economic status of the District would be upgraded. 3. Minor Lift Irrigation cultivation for Field crops like Paddy, Sugarcane, Mustard etc. with 5 H. P Diesel Power pump, Planting materials, Pamphlets etc  · Diesel Power Pump. . Planting materials, Pamphlets etc 100 nos. 22. 00 10. 00 2. 50 100 nos 22. 00 10. 00 2. 50 100 nos 22. 00 10. 00 2. 50 300 nos. . 66. 00 30. 00 7. 50 60 (sixty) nos of self help groups consisting of 10 members each would be engaged for success fully implementing the scheme and additional areas of Jhoom degraded areas would be brought under settled and permanent cultivation.. Farmers Training & motivational scheme for Training & Motivating the farming community To decrease dependence on Jhooming and encourage them to adopt sustainable & permanent ways of cultivation through Integrated pest management (IPM)and integrated nutrient management training(INM) . Purchase of 200 numbers of Metal Seed Bin for storage of foodgrains with protection from storage pests and distribution among farmers. Purchase of Mobile Soil Testing Kit for field level on the spot assessment of soil fertility status for adjudging accurate nutrient requirement of crop 25 nos. f 7 (seven) days Traini-ng each batch consisting of 40 nos. of farmers 70 nos. @ Rs. 4800/- 25 nos 3. 75 3. 41 7. 5 25 nos. of (seven) days training each batch consisting of 40 nos. of farmers 70 nos Nil 3. 75 3. 41 Nil 25 nos. of 7 (seven) days training each batch Consisting of 40 nos. of farmers 60 nos. Nil 3. 75 3. 41 Nil 75 nos. 200 nos. 25 11. 25 10. 23 7. 5 Necessary technical know-how would be imparted to th e farming community so as to enable them to successfully implement the schemes envisaged in the RSVY project. Scientific food grain storage will be introduced for the first time in the District and 200 farming families will be benefited. Soil testing kit would benefit a large Number of farmers covering all the development blocks. 4. 5. 6. Total 172. 46 164. 96 164. 46 502. 38 Horticulture Horticulture is the main occupation of the people in the district of N,C, Hills and 80% of the cultivable land is suitable for horticultural crops and potential of horticultural development is highly promising owing to suitable agro climatic condition. ONGOING SCHEMES. . Intensive horticultural development project. lHDP) . Development of progeny orchard. . . Potato Development scheme. CONSTRAINTS AND GAP These schemes are implemented by utilizing state sector plan fund. Inadequate and stagnant fund provision acts as obstacle in the road of vast potential of horticultural development. Area expansion under horticultural crop faces with the problem of marketing as all produce are perishable and farmers are at the mercy of the middleman due to absence of marketing infrastructure and non-existent road communication network. Nearest market for sell of produce is often 4-5hours walk through difficult terrain. Absence of canning and preservation industry does not guarantee any support price for the horticultural produce. Dissemination alarming technology and knowledge through the extension mechanism is also hampered due to the above-mentioned reason. Vast untapped potential for horticultural development exists and to realize the potential extensive training and motivation coupled with exposure and study tour inside and outside the state and incentive for area expansion of existing successful crops and introduction of high value, less perishable, low in quantity crops like cashew nut, black pepper should be provided to the farming community. Keeping in view the above conditions the following schemes are being proposed for implementation for the development of N. C. Hills. PROPOSED INTERVENTION UNDER RSVY . Area expansion of banana, pineapple, moushambi, litchi, areca nut in Zone-I covering an area of 100 ha is proposed with an estimated outlay of 22 lakhs. For Zone-III covering area of 100 ha for proposed orange plantation @ Rs. 22,000 per ha. Estimated outlay is around Rs. 22 Lakhs. . Canning and fruit preservation facility with estimated outlay of Rs. 47. 04 lakhs is being proposed. . Horticulture kit containing essential orchard management items, for 800 orchard owners @ Rs. 800 per kit with a total outlay of Rs. 22. 40 Lakhs. . Introduction of mushroom cultivation among tribal farmers to be implemented with an estimated outlay of Rs20. 77 lakhs. . Project of vermicompost production at block level with an estimated outlay of 15. 00 lakhs. . Plant protection scheme for arresting citrus decline and citrus rejuvenation w ith financial outlay of Rs. 23. 75 lakhs. . Establishment of 5 nos. of Horticulture nursery @ Rs. 3. 5 lakhs each. . Procurement of 500 nos. of tree sprayers @ Rs. 2000 each for distribution among orchard owners. Total outlay Rs. 0 Lakhs. The SHG would be formed in Jatinga, Dehangi, Harangajao, Mahur, Maibang area where land is suitable for Horticultural Crops and beneficiaries of these would be benefited. IMPACT OF INTERVENTION . Overall increase in area and production of horticultural crops thus benefiting the farming community by increasing their economic threshold. . Nutritional requirements of the rural as well as urban population would be effectively met thus improving quality of life. . Area expansion of different fruit crops is expected to generate temporary employment of 5000 mandays per year. Mushroom production vermicompost production project are expected to increase self employment opportunities among the local rural people. . Fruit canning and preservation centres is ex pected to provide around 150-200 direct and indirect avenue. . Establishment of horticultural nursery has the potential of generating around 5000 mandays every year. . Citrus rejuvenation project is expected to generate around 6000 mandays per year. Marketing as we all recognize, plays a pivotal role in agriculture and more precisely so for horticultural crops which are generally perishable in nature. To strengthen the marketing infrastructure so as to ensure remunerative prices to the farmers of N. C. Hills of their products urgent steps needed to be taken. PROPOSED INTERVENTION UNDER RSVY . Construction of Market shed in registered rural market with an estimated outlay of Rs, 7. 5 Lakhs. . Construction of market stall with a total out lay of Rs. 6. 00 Lakhs. . All the schemes under horticulture will be executed through SHGs giving priority on area expansion of horticultural crops and canning. SL. No. NAME OF SCHEMES 1st Year TARGET 2nd. Year TARGET 3rd. Year TOTAL REMARKS COMPONENT PHY (ha) FIN(Rs . in Lakh) PHY (ha) FIN(Rs In Lakh. PHY (ha) FIN(Rs. in Lakh) PHY (ha) FIN(in Lakh) 1. Area expn. of Horticulture crops For Zone I : Proposal for area expansion under banana, Pineapple, Mousambi, Litchi,, arecanut, Rs. 22000/- per ha. For Zone III: Proposal for area expansion under khasi mandarin orange at jatinga, Laisong & Retzol area ha. @ 22000/- per ha. 40 40 8. 8 8. 8 40 40 8. 8 8. 8 20 20 4. 4 4. 4 100 100 22 22 The proposed scheme is capable of generating more than 2000 mandays per year. 2. Estabilishment of canning and fruit preservation centre at Boro Haflong 1 Nos. 47. 40 4740 Apart from providing farmers with remunerative support prices for their product. This project can generate sizable employment opportunities both direct and indirect. 3. Mushroom development Scheme 1 Nos. 20. 76 1 Nos. 20. 76 The project would be implemented through 10 nos. of SHG selected from villages situated around Haflong Town and spawn lab facility compost production centre 4. 5. 6. 7. Production of Vermicompost Citrus rejuvenation schemes @ Rs. 47850 per ha Etablishment of small nursery for production of quality of planting materials @ Rs. 3. 5 Lakhs each. Per ha. Purchase of tree sprayer for use in horticulture @ Rs. 2000 each Total 5 units 10 ha 2 nos. 100 nos. 5. 00 4. 78 7. 00 2. 00 83. 78 2 units 10 Ha. 2 nos. 100 nos. 2. 00 4. 78 7. 00 2. 00 54. 14 2 units 10 Ha. 1 nos. 100 nos. 2. 00 4. 78 3. 50 2. 00 21. 08 9 units 30 Ha. 3 ha 300 nos. 9. 00 14. 34 17. 5 6. 00 159. 00 Around 300 employment opportunities will be created apart from the main product. 500 Nos. of orange growers will be benefited and 6000 nos. of mandays will be created every year. Around 6000 mandays will be created every year. 5oo farmers family will be benifited _MINOR IRRIGATION There are 19 (nineteen) M. I. schemes brought under irrigation coverage up to March / 2004 is 36. 0% of the total cultivable area. The remaining 63. 50 % of the cultivable area is dependent on rainfall which is scanty. Further there is some rain shadow areas where average rainfall is only 1000 mm. There are 19 (nineteen ) Nos. of completed flow schemes with a command area of 1194 ha. And 16 Nos. of completed Water Harvest schemes with total command area of 29 6 ha. under this Division. Further, there are 14 (fourteen) Nos. of ongoing schemes covering 1553 ha. New Minor Irrigation schemes (Flow) for acute rain shadow areas have been proposed under RSVY programme with an allocation of Rs. 148. 74 lakhs . CONSTRAINTS AND GAPS. Considerable Nos. of M. I . schemes which were completed long back are in defunct position . Lacking in flow of fund from the State Sector restricts the strengthening and repairing of old schemes . INTERVENTION. 1. It is proposed to take up 8 (eight ) nos. of flow Irrigation scheme with an amount of Rs. 148. 74 lakhs specially in rain shadow area for livelihood of the poor tribal people whose only source of income is agriculture. With these new schemes 359 ha. of land will be brought under irrigation providing benefit to 308 Nos. of families. Mandays will be generated to the tune of 98,486 nos. IMPACT: 1. 1. 00 lakhs mandays will be generated by rejuvenation of 8 (eight) nos. of Minor Flow Irrigation schemes. 2. 355 ha. of cultivable area will be brought under irrigation . 3. Total 315 nos. families will be benefited. 4. With the propose M. I. Schemes, the traditional â€Å"Jhum Cultivation† of the tribal people will be discouraged through† Wet Cultivation† which will help in conserving the natural forest land and maintaining ecological balance 5. Water users association will be formed with beneficiary group and they will require to pay users fees as O & M Cost for sustainability of the project. . Details of Irrigation schemes: All the new schemes proposed under RSVY are flow irrigation schemes and are duly approved by N. C. Hills Autonomous Council, Haflong. Water is proposed to be tapped from the surface source like nullah or canals and hilly stream by constructing non-permeable C. C. Bundh across the source and carrying water to the ultimate point of c onsumption through Canals and Water courses. Hydraulic structures like aqueduct, cross drainage structures and drop structures are proposed in the respective detailed estimates on which administrative approval is received from N. C. Hills Autonomous Council, Haflong. Design parameters of each structures are technically examined. Water users society would be formed in the line of SHG and cost of maintenance of these schemes would be born by the water users societies. Under all these irrigation schemes water users associations shall be set up. Beneficiaries Contribution, either by own finance or Bank finance. Flow Irrigation Scheme Sl. No. Name of Development Block Name of Scheme with nature of work Area be Irrigated (Ha. ) Estimated amount (Rs. in lakhs) 1 Harangajao block 1. Dimbrudisa I/S i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 22 20. 00 2. Donlou I/S. (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 12 12. 00 3. Lower Rekho I/S (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. ( ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 20 18. 05 2. Jatinga Valley Dev. Block. 1. Moucher I/S. (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 20 19. 00 2. Laisong I/S. (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 22 31. 00 3. Longma I/S. (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 30 17. 50 3. Diyungbra Block Phongjadisa Nalla I/S (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 30 19. 08 Water Harvest Scheme from mishikong Nalla (i) Construction of Head work with appurtenant structures. (ii) Constn. Of Canal system. (iii) Constn. Of Hydraulic structures (iv) Constn. Of approach road 20 12. 11 4. Maibang Sub-divison 1. Nobaidisa I/S (i) Construction of Head Work (ii) Constn. Of Canal system (iii) Constn. Of Canal structures (iv) River Bank Protection work 290 15. 00 2. Purana Maibang I/S (i) Head Work (ii) Cross drainage work (iii) Canal System 120 11. 62 3. Kalachand Ph. I I/S (i) Head Work (ii) Cross drainage work (iii) Canal System 600 13. 38 4. Wadrengdisa (i) Head Work (ii) Cross drainage work (iii) River bank Protection work 120 15. 00 5. Delen I/S (i) Head Work (ii) Canal System 70 7. 00 6. Tongikro I/S (i) Construction of Head Work (ii) Constn. Of Canal system (iii) Constn. Of Canal structures 90 8. 00 Total 14 nos. 1466 ha 218. 74 YEARWISE PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL TARGET PROPOSED Physical : Numbers Financial Rs. in Lakhs Scheme 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Newly proposed Flow Irrigantio scheme. 5 75. 36 4 57. 00 5 86. 38 14 218. 74 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY Animal Husbandry and Veterinary programmes comes next to Agriculture towards improving the Socio-economic condition of the N. C. Hills people. These activities have acquired special importance in the N. C. Hills areas of Assam for their potentiality and providing alternative occupation to the Jhuming Families. The tempo achieved in the area of the Poultry, Piggery, Cattle, and Goatery are encouraging. To up-grade the indigenous stock of Cattle, A. I. and Natural services are continuing besides training programmes. Present Status # The Projected livestock population of N. C. Hills is shown below : Livestock and Poultry Total 1. Cattle # 97341 Nos. 2. Buffalo # 24266 Nos. 3. Goat # 19503 Nos. 4. Sheep # 186 Nos. 5. Poultry # 153265 Nos. 6. Pig # 24068 Nos. 7. Dog # 45,523 Nos. (SOURCE – National Livestock Survey 1997) Following are the ongoing schemes in the district : 1. Administrative organization to strengthen Administrative machineries both at head quarter and district level – 03 Nos. 2. Veterinary Aid Centre – 01 scheme 3. Veterinary Dispensary– 01 scheme 4. R. P. Check Post and Vigilance unit–01 scheme 5. Pig Farm –01 scheme 6. Pig Seed Farm Project –01 scheme 7. Cattle Breeding project –01 scheme 8. Mini I. C. D. P. –01 scheme 9. Poultry Farm –01 scheme 10. Broiler Unit –01 scheme 11. Marketing Org. (Livestock) –01 scheme 12. Fooder Farm –01 scheme 3. Feed Mixing Plant –01 scheme 14. Distbn. Pig, Poultry, Cattle and Duck– 03 Nos. 15. Farmers training in Cattle, Poultry, Piggery and Duck – 03 Nos. 16. Training of Institution Vety. Science — 01 nos. 17. Rural Dairy Creamery Center/ Rural Dairy Center – 02 Nos. This district being the habitat of 13 ST(H) groups are basically dependent on Agriculture and allied activities like Animal Husbandry & Vety. It is the place where more than 90% of people take meat, fish, egg etc. The middle classes and elites used to keep dogs as a status symbol and also as requirement for watching. They are found to have taken the pups of improved varieties like Doberman, German shepherds, Labradors etc. from outside like Calcutta. The chevon (goat) is also a delicious food which is however taken as important dish by the tribal as well as non-tribal people of the district. The piggery is an important and unavoidable livestock of the district as the pig meat is very popular in the district and as well as it has a wide demand in the areas of our neighbourhood in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur etc. Constraints & Gaps: 1. Non availability of good quality breed. 2. Scarcity of quality feed. . Lack of scientific knowledge of rearing pig, poultry and goatery etc. with advanced scientific know how. 4. Transport Communication bottlenecks. 5. Non-availability of feed supplements, medicine, equipments etc. 6. Financial shortage. Intervention: Under the above condition we would like to propose the intervention of SDA under RSVY to meet up the deficiencies. Interventions: 1. It is therefore planned to take up establishment of 35 nos. of broiler units with an allocation of Rs. 32. 90 lakhs to benefit 350 people by generating self employment to 35 SHG which will be monitored by A. H. Vety. Deptt. 2. It is proposed to establish 35 nos. of poultry layer birds of improved varieties in the district like commercial birds of varieties like BV 380, golden christen etc. with an allocation of Rs. 87. 50 lakhs. @ Rs. 2. 5 lakhs per unit which will be benefited by generating sustained self employment to 35X10 =350 persons organized into 35 SHG. 3. With the intervention of SDA under RSVY it is proposed to allocate Rs. 72,90,000. 00 for establishing 25 nos. of pig unit @ Rs. 2,91,600 per unit and this will benefit 250 persons with sustained self employment by organizing them into 25 SHG. . Under SDA(RSVY) it is proposed to establish 10 nos. of goat unit in the areas representing different ST communities with an allocation of Rs. 19. 50 lakhs @ Rs. 109,500. 00. This will be nefit 100 persons by creating sustained self employment and will be organized into 10 SHG for maintenance after proper training to be conducted by the A. H. & Vety. Deptt. 5. As the keeping of dog is felt necessary by the middle classes and upper middle classes of N. C. Hills, Karbi Anglong, Barak Valley and Guwahati it is proposed to establish 5(five) modern dog breeding units with an allocation of Rs. ,37,400/ by which 50 persons organized into 5 SHG will get sustained self employment. The annual return of these 5 farms will be around Rs 15 lakhs. 6. In order to maintain standard feeds for the above mentioned livestock units establishment of a feed mill is felt inevitable. This feed mill is being proposed with an allocation of Rs. 1,38,00,000( Ruppes One Crore thirty eight lakhs). This will benefit 1100 nos. of AH & Vety growers and 110SHG will get direct benefit of self employment and this will definitely benefit more than 1 lakhs individuals indirectly with the supply of quality Vety. Products. Necessary arrangements for vety. care services are planned accordingly with the additive provisions of SGSY. Following Schemes are approved under RSVY. Sl. NO. Name of scheme Justification Rs. In lakhs. 01 02 03 04 01 Esstt. of Poultry Broiler Unit Modernisation of infrastructure to increase capacity of producing input, i. e. , meat and egg for the consumer and farmers of the district as well as to the neighbouring areas. 32. 85 02 Esstt. of Poultry Commercial layer Unit Modernization of existing infrastructure to increase capacities for producing input, meat & egg for the consumer & farmers of the district besides training and demonstration programme of Unemployed Youth. 87. 35 03 Esstt. of Pig Unit To modernize the existing infrastructure with view to produce upgrade inputs to supply the local breeds. This will also produce additional required pork besides demonstration & training of the farmers. 90. 77 04 Esstt. of goat Unit Project for goat farming with a view to meet the demand of mutton of the district as well as the neighbouring areas for income generation of the local people. 0. 95 05 Esstt. Of Dog breeding Unit To meet the demand of improve varieties of dogs in Haflong and other places as people use to bring dogs from outside the states. 13. 37 06 Esstt. Of Modern feed mixing plant At present cattle feed is brought from Guwahati which cost more. The new plant shall be able to supply cattle feed at a reasonable rate to all the rural places of the district. 104. 00 07 Esstt. Of fodder Farm With a view to produce green grass, seeds for farmers. 3. 00 Total 342. 29 Details of the Veterinary Schemes All these units shall be established through SHG and co-operative farm. The SHG shall continue finance either by own contribution or bank finance for maintenance of the farm. The concerned department shall only guide and supervise the establishment and maintenance of these units and they are organized into Groups for better supervision. ESTABLISHMENT OF POULTRY UNITS Poultry eggs and meat are the important sources as high quality protein to balance the diet of common people. Poultry farming can provide gainful employment if done on a commercial scale to harness the tremendous market potential in the District. Though the district has a moderately favourable climate for Poultry farming, particularly commercial broilers and commercial layer activity has not made any significant progress, due to lack of enthusiasm among the farming community as well as due to non-availability of critical in puts at right time. Further, majority of the population are under ( small units ) as made good progress due to the favourable environment availability in the district. The existing infrastructure and allocation the existing poultry Farm, Haflong can not meet the entire demand. As such new farms requires to be established and proposed the following amount for taking up the progress in phase manner. Establishment of Poultry Units Sl. No. Unit Break-up 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total 1 35 Construction of Poultry sheds 15. 00 Lakhs 2. 85 Lakhs Nil 17. 85 Lakhs 2 Working Capital chicks / feed/ medicine etc. Nil 7. 50 Lakhs 7. 50 lakhs 15. 00 lakhs Total 15. 00 Lakhs 10. 35 Lakhs 7. 50 lakhs 32. 85 lakhs Establishment of Poultry Layer Commercial Unit The Commercial layer bird will start laying egg from the age of 4 months and lays egg up to 300 nos. per year till 18 months of age weighing 2. kg. The egg can also be sold at Rs. 1. 5 per egg and as such one layer can earn Rs. 450. 00 per year apart from the meat. Thus a farm may earn eggs 2. 85,000 nos. per year and total production of meat 20. 9 quintals. The Farm will serve as productive as well as practical demonstration farm from the trainees of this district with a total allocation of Rs. 180 lacs there is the proposal for production of meat sufficient for the district. Sl. No. Unit Break-up 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total 1 35 Construction of Poultry sheds 15. 00 Lakhs 2. 85 Lakhs Nil 17. 85 Lakhs 2 Working capital chicks / feed/ medium etc. Nil 34. 75 Lakhs 34. 75 Lakhs 69. 50 lakhs Total 15. 00 Lakhs 37. 60 Lakhs 34. 75 Lakhs 87. 35 lakhs Establishment of Pig Unit Pig rearing is common among the farmers in the district, majority of farmers being small & marginal, those activities are able to provide them supplementary income. The activities are thriving in the district due to the excellent demand for the pork and meat. The existing Pig Farm, Haflong can not meet the demand of pork & piging for the farmers & public. The following requirement of fund are proposed for new programme of Pig Farm, Haflong. Establishment of Pig Unit Sl. No. Unit Break-up 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total 1 25 Construction of sheds for Pig 20. 00 lakhs 31. 00 Lakhs Nil 51. 00 Lakhs 2 Purchase of animal Nil 6. 00 Lakhs 4. 25 Lakhs 10. 25 lakhs 3 Working expenditure Nil 15. 00 Lakhs 14. 52 Lakhs 29. 52 Lakhs Total 90. 77 Lakhs PROJECT REPORT FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF GOAT UNIT INTRODUCTION : The North Cachar Hills District of Assam with Geographical area of 488800 hectors. 01. East # Nagaland and Manipur State. 02. West # Meghalaya State of a part of Karbi-Anglong 03. North # Nowgaon District 04. South # Cachar District 05. Height # 3117 feets ( Haflong ) The climatic conditions according to geographical location is suitable for esstt. Of Goat Project in N. C. Hills District. The evergreen grass and natural trees welcoming goat rearing in this hilly areas. There are sufficient fellow and waste land with green grass where goat project can be established. STRATEGY # The hill people generally take meat as their protein food local stock of goat are not available to meet the growing demand of meat. Establishment Goat Unit Sl. No. Unit Break-up 2004-05 2005-06 006-07 Total 1 10 Construction of sheds etc 2. 00 Lakhs 1. 22 Lakhs Nil 3. 22 Lakhs 2 Cost of animal (a) Buck (Beeta) @ 2000/- two Nos. for each unit (b) Doe @ 900/- 50 Nos. for each unit Nil 3. 00 Lakhs 1. 90 Lakhs 4. 90 lakhs 3 Working expenditure Nil 2. 00 Lakhs 0. 83 Lakhs 2. 83 Lakhs Total 10. 95 Lakhs LAND # At least 250/ 300 bighas of land are to be required for infrastructure facilities, Fodder plot and for grazing la nd. The site is required near the river or spring for water supply facility. COMMUNICATION # The site is required where road communication facilities are available. POWER SUPPLY # This is also necessary near site for taking up power supply to the project. MARKETTING FACILITIES # N. C. Hills itself is a good market for meat and input. The surplus stock can be sold nearby Meghalaya state Silchar, Nagaon or at Guwahati. STAFF # 01 (one) officer, 01 S. V. F. A. , 02 V. F. A. 01 Accountant, 01 LDA and 03 grade IV staff can be placed from the existing staff of the deptt. But 03 nos. technicians for processing of meat, preparation of wool etc. are to be sent for training from the existing staff. MODERN DOG BREEDING UNIT The middle classes and the upper middle class use to keep dogs as a status symbol and also as requirement for watching. They are found to have taken the pups of improved varieties from out side the state. And attempt has been made through this scheme to breed improved varieties of dogs. Sl. No. Unit Break-up 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total 1 10 Construction of dog house 5. 00 Lakhs 2. 85 Lakhs Nil 7. 85 Lakhs 2 Purchase of breeder Dogs – (a) German Shepherd @ 10,000 each (b) Doverman @ 10,000 each (c) Labrador @ 10,000 each Nil 2. 50 Lakhs Nil 2. 50 lakhs 3 Working expenditure, food medium etc. Nil 1. 1 Lakhs 1. 51 Lakhs 3. 02 Lakhs Total 13. 37 Lakhs FEED MIXING PLANT The Govt. Feed Mixing Plant at Haflong has been established with a view to supply balanced feed at a reasonable price to the departmental farms and other private farmers of N. C. Hills District. At present, the plant is supplying feeds to the only Govt. Pig-cum-Poultry Farm, Haflong and other small private farms o f N. C. Hills District. In a short period of time the plant has become popular particularly to the Farms of the District as they are giving more profit by procuring feeds from this Feed Mixing Plant. The nos. of pig of the Govt. Pig-cum-Poultry has increased to 3 times more within 1 year of inception of this plant. As there is one new Govt. Pig Farm called Pig seed production project, Umrangso is going to begin recently and numerous small private farmers are coming-up under the sponsorship of DRDA in N. C. Hills. Now the Feed Mixing Plant may not be able to meet the entire demand of supplying feeds as it is increasing day by day. Further, the requirement for establishment of Dairy demonstration farm, Haflong will also be proposed in this plant. As such, more fund for purchase of ingredient and supplement are necessary to increase production yearly. The following schemes to increase production id proposed. The proposed Modern Feed Mixing Plant will be set up on co-operative basis organizing the SHGs in to a co-operative unit. ESTABLISHMENT OF MODERN FEED MIXING PLANT Sl. No. Scheme 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total 01 Construction of feed mixing plant building 30. 00 Lakhs 18. 00 Lakhs Nil 48. 00 Lakhs 02 Purchase of Equipment and machineries 18. 00 Lakhs 6. 00 Lakhs Nil 24. 00 Lakhs 03 Materials and supply Nil 22. 00 Lakhs Nil 22. 00 Lakhs 04 Transportation 5. 00 lakhs 5. 00 lakhs Nil 10. 00 Lakhs Total 104. 00 lakhs ESTABLISHMENT OF FODDER FARM A Fodder Farm with a view to produce green grass, seed and for demonstration purchases for the farmers and for departmental farms is most essential. To establish this farm the follow land of the existing farm of Pig-cum-Poultry Farm is to be utilized in a scientific manner. The following scheme is prepared for establishment of the farm. For the time being 05 (five) bighas of land are to be utilized for the farm. Scheme is prepared as follows :- Sl. No. Unit Scheme 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total Rs. (in Lakhs) 01. 1 Reclamation of Land 1. 00 Nil Nil 1. 00 02. Purchases of seeds 0. 50 0. 20 0. 20 0. 90 3. Irrigation facilities 0. 50 Nil Nil 0. 50 04. Maintenance cost Nil 0. 30 0. 30 0. 60 Total 2. 00 0. 50 0. 50 3. 00 TRAINING AND RESOURCE CENTRE WITH ACCOMMODATIONS AND COMPUTER FACILITIES The government department and the NGO’s have been trying to uplift the rural masses by providing many inputs, but since the district does not have a proper training and resource centre the govt . officials and the NGOs become ill equipped to impart training as well as acquire training. Objective: The objective of establishing a training and Resource centre with accommodation and computer facilities are as follows. ) To provide training on livelihood issued to jhum cultivators. b) Rural Technology centre. c) Support to NGOs and SHGs d) District Resource Centre. e) E-commerce. TRAINING AND RESOURCE CENTRE WITH ACCOMMODATIONS AND COMPUTER FACILITIES Sl. No. Unit 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total 01. 01 Construction of Building for Centre 20 Lakhs 13. 00 Lakhs Nil 33. 00 lakhs 02. Electrifacilities/ Water Supply Nil 2. 00 Lakhs Nil 2. 00 Lakhs 03. Furniture’s Nil 3. 00 Lakhs Nil 3. 00 Lakhs 04. Computer/ Printer Scanner/ T. V. / LCD Projector etc. Nil 12. 10 Lakhs Nil 12. 10 Lakhs Total 20. 00 Lakhs 30. 10 Lakhs